Recovery of Byproducts from Acid Mine Drainage Treatment

Prof. Elvis Fosso-Kankeu has a doctorate degree from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He is currently a Full Professor in the School of Chemical and Mineral Engineering at the North-West University in South Africa. His research focuses on the prediction of pollutants dispersion from industrial areas, and on the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 200 papers including journal articles, books, book chapters and conference proceeding papers. Prof. Christian Wolkersdorfer is a mining hydrogeologist with 27 years of experience in mine water geochemistry, hydrodynamics, geothermal applications and tracer tests. In 2014, he was provided the South African Research Chair for Acid Mine Water Treatment at Tshwane University of Technology and he held the world's first Industrial Research Chair for Mine Water Remediation & Management at Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia, Canada. He is also a "Finnish Distinguished Professor for Mine Water Management" at Lappeenranta University of Technology in Mikkeli, Finland. Dr. Jo Burgess is an environmental scientist with 20 years' experience in the water, environment and wastewater sectors. She has held roles as technology specialist, research manager and researcher in South African and British organizations. She has proven experience in research and development of new technologies and their implementation at scale. Her work at the academic / industrial interface has been recognized through international awards, and she has published over 100 books and articles.

• Preface xiiiPart 1: Prediction and Prevention of AMD Formation 11 Management of Metalliferous Solid Waste and its Potential to Contaminate Groundwater: A Case Study of O’Kiep, Namaqualand South Africa 3Innocentia G. Erdogan, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Seteno K.O. Ntwampe, Frans B. Waanders and Nils HothList of Abbreviations 41.1 Introduction 41.2 CMMs: Overview and Challenges 51.3 Metalliferous Solid Waste 61.4 Environmental and Social Impact of CMMs and MSW 101.5 Soil Contamination 121.6 Groundwater Contamination 121.7 Atmospheric Contamination 121.8 Metalliferous Solid Waste Management 131.9 Rehabilitation and Restoration Strategies 131.10 ARD Formation and Groundwater Contamination 141.11 Overview of Challenges Associated with CMMs 151.12 Conclusion 16References 162 Mine Water Treatment and the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Acid Mine Drainage Prediction 23Viswanath Ravi Kumar Vadapalli, Emmanuel Sakala, Gloria Dube and Henk CoetzeeList of Abbreviations 232.1 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) 242.2 Remediation of AMD 272.3 Prediction of AMD 342.4 Application of Artificial Intelligence for AMD Quality Prediction 362.5 Conclusions 40References 413 The Prediction of Acid Mine Drainage Potential Using Mineralogy 49Deshenthree Chetty, Olga Bazhko, Veruska Govender and Samuel Ramatsoma3.1 Introduction 493.2 Mineralogical Approach for Prediction of AMD Potential 513.3 Application of the AMD Predictive Protocol 583.4 Conclusions and Further Work 67References 684 Oxidation Processes and Formation of Acid Mine Drainage from Gold Mine Tailings: A South African Perspective 73Bisrat Yibas4.1 Introduction 734.2 Weathering and Oxidation of the Witwatersrand Gold Tailings 744.3 Water Infiltration and Oxygen Diffusion vs Oxidation Processes 764.4 Geochemical and Mineralogical Evolution 844.5 Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations 89Acknowledgements 93References 94Part 2: AMD Treatment 975 Technologies that can be Used for the Treatment of Wastewater and Brine for the Recovery of Drinking Water and Saleable Products 99Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mabel Mamasegare Mphahlele-Makgwane5.1 Introduction 1005.2 Neutralization Technologies 1035.3 Chemical Desalination 1115.4 Membrane Processes 1155.5 Ion-Exchange Technologies 1245.6 Biological Processes 1265.7 Electrochemical Processes 1355.8 Freezing-Based Technologies 1365.9 Sludge Processing 1375.10 Integrated Processes—ROC Process 1385.11 Feasibility Models 1405.12 Conclusions 150Acknowledgements 150References 151Part 3: Recovery of Values from AMD 1576 Recovery of Ochers from Acid Mine Drainage Treatment: A Geochemical Modeling and Experimental Approach 159Khathutshelo Netshiongolwe, Yongezile Mhlana, Alseno Mosai, Heidi Richards, Luke Chimuka, Ewa Cukrowska and Hlanganani Tutu6.1 Introduction 1596.2 Methodology 1626.3 Results and Discussion 1666.4 Indicative Cost Analysis 1846.5 Conclusion 185Acknowledgements 185References 1857 Innovative Routes for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Valorization: Advocating for a Circular Economy 189Vhahangwele Masindi and Memory Tekere7.1 Introduction 1907.2 Health Effects Associated with Contaminants in AMD 1937.3 Abatement of AMD 1947.4 Techniques for AMD Treatment 1957.5 Valorization of AMD 2027.6 Case Study 2047.7 Challenges Relating to Valorization 2087.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 208References 2098 Recovery of Critical Raw Materials from Acid Mine Drainage (AMD): The EIT-Funded MORECOVERY Project 219Carlos Ruiz Cánovas, Jose Miguel Nieto, Francisco Macías, Maria Dolores Basallote, Manuel Olías, Rafael Pérez-López and Carlos Ayora8.1 Introduction 2198.2 Recovery of CRMs from AMD 2228.3 Upscaling of Successful Technologies and Economic Suitability 2248.4 Coupling Environmental and Resources Policy: The EIT-Funded MORECOVERY Project 225Acknowledgements 231References 2319 Deriving Value from Acid Mine Drainage 235M. van Rooyen and P.J. van Staden9.1 Introduction 2359.2 AMD Formation 2379.3 AMD Treatment Options 2389.4 Deriving Value from AMD 2479.5 Synopsis 255References 25910 Rare Earth Elements—A Treasure Locked in AMD? 263Leon Krüger10.1 AMD—Annoyance or Resource 26310.2 Rare Earths—The Almost Forgotten Elements! 26410.3 Characteristics—What is with the f-Orbitals? 26510.4 Applications—Sweating the Unique Characteristics 27110.5 Occurrence—From Magma to AMD 30310.6 REEs—From AMD to High Technology? 308Acknowledgements 308References 30911 Opportunities and Challenges of Re-Mining Mine Water for Resources 315Martin Mkandawire11.1 Introduction 31511.2 Mine Water and Drainages 31611.3 Potential Extractable Resources 32311.4 Conclusion 347References 347Index 351