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How did racism evolve in different parts of the Portuguese-speaking world? How should the impact on ethnic perceptions of colonial societies based on slavery or the slave trade be evaluated? What was the reality of inter-ethnic mixture in different continents? How has the prejudice of white supremacy been confronted in Brazil and Portugal? And how should we assess the impact of recent trends of emigration and immigration? These are some of the major questions that have structured this book. It both contextualises and challenges the visions of Gilberto Freyre and Charles Boxer, which crystallised from the 1930s to the 1960s, but which still frame the public history of this topic. It studies crucial issues, including recent affirmative action in Brazil or Afro-Brazilian literature, blackness in Brazil compared with Colombia under the dynamics of identity, recent racist trends in Portugal in comparative perspective, the status of native people in colonial Portuguese Africa, discrimination against forced Jewish converts to Christianity and their descendants in different historical contexts, the status of mixed-race people in Brazil and Angola compared over the longue durée, the interference of Europeans in East Timor's native marriage system, the historical policy of language in Brazil, or visual stereotypes and the proto-ethnographic gaze in early perceptions of East African peoples. The book covers the gamut of inter-ethnic experiences throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, from the sixteenth century to the present day, integrating contributions from history, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, literary, and cultural studies. It offers a radical updating of both empirical data and methodologies, and aims to contribute to current debates on racism and ethnic relations in global perspective.
Francisco Bethencourt is Charles Boxer Professor of History at King's College London. He published Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 2013), and The Inquisition: A Global History (Cambridge, 2009). He is working on the history of social inequality in the world.
IntroductionParti I. Present Issues1: António Sérgio Guimarães: . Colour and Race in Brazil: From Whitening to the Search for Afro-Descent2: Peter Wade: Brazil and Colombia: Comparative Race Relations in South America3: Jorge Vala and Cícero Pereira: Racism: An Evolving Virus4: Luiz Felipe de Alencastro: Mulattos in Brazil and Angola: A Comparative Approach, Seventeenth to Twenty-First CenturiesPart II. The Modern Framework5: João de Pina-Cabral: Charles Boxer and the Race Equivoque6: Maria Lucia Pallares-Burke: Gilberto Freyre and Brazilian Self-Perception7: David Brookshaw: Writing from the Margins: Towards an Epistemology of Contemporary African Brazilian Fiction8: Michel Cahen: Indigenato Before Race? Some Proposals on Portuguese Forced Labour Law in Mozambique and the African Empire (1926-62)9: Miguel Jerónimo: The 'Civilisation Guild': Race and Labour in the Third Portuguese Empire, ca. 1870-1930Part III. The Long View10: Ricardo Roque: Marriage Traps: Colonial Interactions with Indigenous Marriage Ties in East Timor11: Herbert Klein: The Free Afro-Brazilians in a Slave Society12: Andrea Daher: . The 'General Language' and the Social Status of the Indian in Brazil, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries13: José Pedro Paiva: The New Christian Divide in the Portuguese-Speaking World (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)14: Jean Michel Massing: From Marco Polo to Manuel I of Portugal: The Image of the East African Coast in the Early Sixteenth Century
an invaluable contribution Anthony Soares, Bulletin of Spanish Studies