Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health

Inbunden, Engelska, 2023

Av Robert A. Fjeld, Timothy A. DeVol, Nicole E. Martinez, Robert A. (Clemson University) Fjeld, Timothy A. Devol, Robert A Fjeld, Timothy A Devol, Nicole E Martinez

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QUANTITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS FOR HUMAN HEALTH An updated edition of the foundational guide to environmental risk analysis Environmental risk analysis is a systematic process essential for the evaluation, management, and communication of the human health risk posed by the release of contaminants to the environment. Performed correctly, risk analysis is an essential tool in the protection of the public from the health hazards posed by chemical and radioactive contaminants. Cultivating the quantitative skills required to perform risk analysis competently is a critical need. Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health meets this need with a thorough, comprehensive coverage of the fundamental knowledge necessary to assess environmental impacts on human health. It introduces readers to a robust methodology for analyzing environmental risk, as well as to the fundamental principles of uncertainty analysis and the pertinent environmental regulations. Now updated to reflect the latest research and new cutting-edge methodologies, this is an essential contribution to the practice of environmental risk analysis. Readers of the second edition of Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health will also find: Detailed treatment of source and release characterization, contaminant migration, exposure assessment, and moreNew coverage of computer-based analytical methodsA new chapter of case studies providing actual, real-world examples of environmental risk assessmentsQuantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health is must-have for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in civil engineering, environmental engineering, and environmental science, as well as for risk analysis practitioners in industry, environmental consultants, and regulators.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2023-08-31
Mått185 x 257 x 38 mm
Vikt1 066 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor528
Upplaga2
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119675327

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Robert A. Fjeld, PhD, is an Emeritus Professor and Dempsey Chair of Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, USA. He is a pioneering researcher of quantitative human health risk assessment and the author of numerous related publications. Timothy A. DeVol, PhD, CHP, is Toshiba Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Director of the Nuclear Environmental Engineering Sciences and Radioactive Waste Management Center at Clemson University. His research interests are on radioactive material detection and environmental health physics. Nicole E. Martinez, PhD, CHP, is an Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University with a Joint Faculty Appointment at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Her research focuses on dosimetric modeling and the transport and effects of environmental contaminants.

List of Variables with Common Example Units xviiPreface to Second Edition xxviiPreface to First Edition xxix1 Introduction 11.1 Risk Analysis 21.2 Risk 41.3 Contaminants in the Environment 81.4 Uses of Environmental Risk Assessment 91.5 Risk Assessment Process 131.5.1 Problem Statement 131.5.2 System Description 141.5.3 Risk Calculation 141.5.4 Integration and Iteration 18References 19Additional Reading 20Problems 212 Fundamental Aspects of Environmental Modeling 232.1 Introduction 232.2 Modeling Process 242.2.1 Model Development 242.2.2 Modeling Assurance 282.2.3 Environmental Modeling in Phases 302.3 Physical and Mathematical Basis for Risk Assessment Models 312.3.1 Mass Balances 312.3.2 Simple Models 402.4 Contaminant Transport Equation 472.4.1 Transport Processes 482.4.2 Derivation of the Contaminant Transport Equation 492.4.3 Zero-dimensional Solutions of the Contaminant Transport Equation 52References 58Additional Reading 59Problems 593 Release Assessment 643.1 Introduction 643.2 Conceptual Model 653.3 Contaminant Identification 663.4 Emission-Rate Quantification 723.4.1 Release Probability 743.4.2 Contaminant Emission Rate 79References 83Additional Reading 84Problems 844 Environmental Transport Theory 874.1 Introduction 874.2 One-Dimensional Solutions of the Contaminant Transport Equation 894.2.1 One-dimensional Advection 894.2.2 One-dimensional Advection and Dispersion 954.3 Three-Dimensional Contaminant Transport 994.4 Advanced Solution Methods 1004.4.1 Numerical Techniques 1004.4.2 Superposition Integral 101References 103Additional Reading 104Problems 1045 Surface Water Transport 1075.1 Introduction 1075.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies 1095.2.1 Rivers and Streams 1095.2.2 Lakes 1115.2.3 Reservoirs on Rivers 1115.2.4 Estuaries 1115.2.5 Oceans 1115.3 Sorption 1125.3.1 Distribution Coefficient 1125.3.2 Fraction Sorbed 1165.3.3 Inclusion of Sorption in Transport Models 1175.4 Transport Modeling 1195.4.1 Lakes 1195.4.2 Rivers and Streams 123References 128Additional Reading 129Problems 1296 Groundwater Transport 1326.1 Introduction 1326.2 Subsurface Characterization 1346.3 Saturated Flow in Porous Media 1356.3.1 Groundwater Speed and Direction 1356.3.2 Porosity and Hydraulic Conductivity 1386.3.3 Dispersion 1386.4 Sorption 1436.5 Subsurface Contaminant Transport Modeling 1446.5.1 Linear Equilibrium Model of Subsurface Contaminant Transport 1446.5.2 Saturated-Zone Transport Solutions 1486.6 Other Considerations in Groundwater Transport 1536.6.1 Vadose Zone Transport 1536.6.2 Colloidal Transport 1556.6.3 Transformations 1556.6.4 NonAqueous-Phase Liquids 156References 158Additional Reading 159Problems 1597 Atmospheric Transport 1637.1 Introduction 1637.2 Atmospheric Dispersion 1647.3 Atmospheric Transport Models 1687.3.1 Constant Emission Rate: Gaussian Plume Model 1687.3.2 Long-Term Averages 1757.3.3 Infinite Line Source 1797.3.4 Instantaneous Emission: Gaussian Puff Model 1797.4 Other Considerations 1807.4.1 Effective Release Height and Plume Rise 1807.4.2 Building Wake 1817.4.3 Release with Inversion Aloft 1827.4.4 Nonconservative Processes 184References 186Additional Reading 187Problems 1878 Food Chain Transport 1918.1 Introduction 1918.2 Concentration in Soil 1958.2.1 Conceptual Model 1958.2.2 Atmospheric Deposition 1978.2.3 Irrigation Deposition 1978.2.4 Atmospheric Resuspension 1988.3 Concentration in Vegetation 1998.4 Concentration in Animals 204References 206Additional Reading 207Problems 2079 Exposure Assessment 2109.1 Introduction 2109.2 Dose 2129.2.1 Chemical Dose 2129.2.2 Radiological Dose 2149.3 Contaminant Intake 2159.3.1 Inhalation 2169.3.2 Ingestion 2169.3.3 Dermal Absorption 2189.4 Dose Calculations 2209.4.1 Chemical Dose Calculations 2209.4.2 Radiological Dose Calculations 222References 227Additional Reading 228Problems 22810 Basic Human Toxicology 23010.1 Introduction 23010.2 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 23110.2.1 Cellular Anatomy and Physiology 23210.2.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Toxicity 23710.2.3 Major Organ Systems 23910.3 Mechanisms and Effects of Toxicity 25010.3.1 Systemic Effects 25010.3.2 Carcinogenic Effects 25210.3.3 Teratogenic Effects 25610.3.4 Hereditary Effects 258References 259Problems 26111 Dose–Response and Risk Characterization 26311.1 Introduction 26311.2 Biological Basis of Dose–Response Modeling 26411.3 Elements of Quantitative Dose–Response Analysis 26611.3.1 Factors Affecting Toxicity 26611.3.2 Quantification of Responses 27211.3.3 Sources of Dose–Response Data 27411.4 Dose–Response Modeling 27911.4.1 Animal-to-Human Extrapolation 28011.4.2 Dose–response models and high- to low-dose extrapolation 28311.5 Risk Characterization 28711.5.1 Margin of Exposure 28711.5.2 Cancer Slope Factors and Unit Risk 28911.6 Regulatory Implementation 29011.6.1 The Benchmark Dose (BMD) Approach 29111.6.2 Deterministic (Noncancer) Endpoints 29311.6.3 Stochastic (Non-threshold) Endpoints 299References 305Additional Reading 308Problems 30812 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses 31112.1 Introduction 31112.2 Types and Sources of Uncertainty 31212.2.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Considerations 31212.2.2 Sources of Uncertainty 31312.2.3 Types of Uncertainty 31412.3 Statistics Fundamentals 31712.3.1 Random Variables and Distribution Functions 31712.3.2 Characterization of PDFs 31912.3.3 Determination of Distributions 32012.4 Uncertainty Propagation 32412.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis 32512.4.2 Methods for Uncertainty Propagation 327References 340Problems 34313 Screening and Computational Resources 34813.1 Introduction 34813.2 Screening Tools 34913.2.1 COMPLY/COMPLY-R 34913.2.2 DandD 35013.2.3 Groundwater Transport Calculator 35013.2.4 RSL and RML 35013.2.5 RAIS PRG Calculators 35113.2.6 RAIS Risk Calculators 35113.2.7 SERAFM 35113.3 Surface Water Transport 35213.3.1 BASINS 35213.3.2 EFDC 35213.3.3 LADTAP II 35313.3.4 QUAL2K 35313.3.5 WASP 35413.3.6 SMS 13 35413.4 Groundwater Transport 35413.4.1 3DFEMWATER/3DLEWASTE 35413.4.2 EPACMTP 35513.4.3 GMS 35513.4.4 HELP 35513.4.5 MODFLOW 6 35613.4.6 PORFLOW 35613.4.7 STOMP 35713.4.8 TOUGHREACT 35713.5 Atmospheric Transport 35713.5.1 AERMOD 35813.5.2 ALOHA 35813.5.3 CTDMPLUS 35913.5.4 HOTSPOT 35913.5.5 HYSPLIT 35913.5.6 PAVAN 36013.5.7 RASCAL 36013.5.8 XOQDOQ 36013.6 Food Chain Transport 36113.6.1 BASS 36113.6.2 CAP-88 PC 36113.6.3 GASPAR II 36213.6.4 MILDOS 4 36213.7 Transport, Exposure, and Consequence Assessment Tools 36313.7.1 CalTOX 36313.7.2 FRAMES-2.0 36313.7.3 GENII 36413.7.4 GOLDSIM 36413.7.5 MEPAS 36413.7.6 RESRAD 36513.7.7 Risk Analyst 36613.8 Geochemical Speciation Modeling 36713.8.1 GWB 36713.8.2 MINEQL+ 36813.8.3 MINTEQA2/VISUAL MINTEQ 36813.8.4 PHREEQC 36813.9 Uncertainty 36913.10 Other Useful Computational Resources 37013.10.1 RESRAD-BUILD 37013.10.2 SADA 37013.10.3 VSP 37013.10.4 BMDS 370References 37014 Case Studies 37614.1 Introduction 37614.2 PFAS 37614.2.1 Background 37714.2.2 Wilbur Earl Tenant’s Farm (EPA 2001, Bilott 2019) 37714.2.3 Parkersburg and EPA (EPA 2001, Bilott 2019) 37814.2.4 Epilogue 37914.3 Arsenic in Drinking Water 38014.3.1 Introduction 38014.3.2 Risk Calculation 38114.3.3 Risk Assessment 38114.4 MCHM 38214.4.1 Background 38214.4.2 Calculation of MCHM Concentration 38314.4.3 Epilogue 38614.5 Releases from Rocky Flats 38714.5.1 Introduction 38814.5.2 1957 Plutonium Fire Basic Risk Assessment 38814.5.3 Rocky Flats Comprehensive Risk Assessment 39014.5.4 Comparisons for 1957 Plutonium Fire 39114.5.5 Epilogue 393References 393Problems 39515 Ethics, Stakeholder Involvement, and Risk Communication 39615.1 Introduction 39615.2 Ethics 39715.2.1 Overview 39715.2.2 Ethical Theories 39715.2.3 Environmental Ethics 39815.3 Stakeholder Involvement 40015.3.1 Motivation 40015.3.2 Potential Benefits and Detriments 40115.3.3 Scope of Stakeholder Involvement 40315.3.4 Legal Basis and Requirements 40515.3.5 Methods and Approaches 40515.4 Risk Communication 41015.4.1 Scientific Basis 41115.4.2 Practical Considerations 41615.4.3 Unresolved Issues 417References 418Problems 42216 Environmental Risk Management 42316.1 Introduction 42316.2 Risk Management Process 42316.3 Risk Management Methods 42416.3.1 Approaches to Risk Management 42416.3.2 Fundamentals of Decision Analysis 42616.3.3 Methods for Decision Analysis Under Certainty 43316.3.4 Methods for Decision Analysis Under Risk 438References 441Problems 44217 Environmental Laws and Regulations 44417.1 Introduction 44417.2 General Legal and Regulatory Structure for Environmental Protection 44417.2.1 U.S. Governmental Structure 44417.2.2 Regulatory Hierarchy 44517.3 Major Federal Environmental Laws and Regulations 44617.3.1 National Environmental Policy Act 44717.3.2 CERCLA and SARA 44917.3.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 45217.3.4 Toxic Substances Control Act 45317.3.5 Clean Air Act 45417.3.6 Clean Water Act 45617.4 CERCLA Process 45717.4.1 Remedial Actions Under CERCLA 45717.4.2 Risk Assessment in the RI/FS Process 45817.5 Additional Regulations 459References 460Problems 461Appendix A Mathematical Tools 462A. 1 Special Functions 462A.1. 1 Dirac Delta Function 462A.1. 2 Heaviside Unit Step Function 463A.1. 3 Error Function and Complementary Error Function 463A.1. 4 Gamma Function 464A. 2 Laplace Transforms 465A.2. 1 Definitions and Notation 465A.2. 2 Basic Transforms and Properties 466A.2. 3 Solution of Differential Equations with Laplace Transforms 467A. 3 Exact Solutions to the One-Dimensional Contaminant Transport Equation 470References 473Additional Reading 474Appendix B Degradation and Decay Parameters 475Index 477