QoS for Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband

TONI JANEVSKI, PHD, is a Professor at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia, and is a Senior Member of IEEE. He has published around 200 research papers and led several research and application projects in the area of Internet technologies and mobile and wireless networks. He has also tutored and coordinated many international courses in the ITU Academy.

• 1 Introduction 11.1 The Telecommunications/ICT Sector in the Twenty-First Century 21.2 Convergence of the Telecom and Internet Worlds and QoS 41.3 Introduction to QoS, QoE, and Network Performance 91.3.1 Quality of Service (QoS) Definition 101.3.2 Quality of Experience (QoE) 111.3.3 Network Performance (NP) 121.3.4 QoS, QoE, and NP Relations 131.4 ITU’s QoS Framework 141.4.1 Universal Model 141.4.2 Performance Model 151.4.3 Four-Market Model 171.5 QoE Concepts and Standards 181.5.1 QoE and QoS Comparison 181.5.2 QoS and QoE Standards 191.6 General QoS Terminology 201.7 Discussion 21References 232 Internet QoS 252.1 Overview of Internet Technology Protocols 252.1.1 Internet Network Layer Protocols: IPv4 and IPv6 262.1.2 Main Internet Transport Layer Protocols: TCP and UDP 282.1.3 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – DHCP 322.1.4 Domain Name System – DNS 322.1.5 Internet Fundamental Applications 342.1.5.1 Web Technology 342.1.5.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 342.1.5.3 Email Protocols 352.2 Fundamental Internet Network Architectures 352.2.1 Client-Server Internet Networking 352.2.2 Peer-to-Peer Internet Networking 362.2.3 Basic Internet Network Architectures 362.2.4 Autonomous Systems on the Internet 382.3 Internet Traffic Characterization 392.3.1 Audio Traffic Characterization 402.3.2 Video Traffic Characterization 402.3.3 Non-Real-Time Traffic Characterization 422.4 QoS on Different Protocols Layers 442.5 Traffic Management Techniques 452.5.1 Classification of IP Packets 462.5.2 Packet Classification From the Technical Side 462.5.3 Packet Scheduling 472.5.4 Admission Control 472.5.5 Traffic Management Versus Network Capacity 492.6 Internet QoS Frameworks: the IETF and the ITU 502.7 Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 512.8 QoS with Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 542.9 Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) 552.10 Basic Inter-Provider QoS Model 572.10.1 Basic DiffServ Model for a Single Provider 582.10.2 Basic DiffServ Inter-Provider Model 582.11 IP Network Architectures for End-to-End QoS 592.12 Discussion 61References 623 QoS in NGN and Future Networks 653.1 ITU’s Next Generation Networks 653.2 Transport and Service Stratum of NGNs 673.3 Service Architecture in NGN 693.3.1 IMS Architecture 703.3.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 733.3.3 Diameter 753.4 QoS Architectures for NGN 783.4.1 Resource and Admission Control Function 783.4.2 Ethernet QoS for NGN 793.4.2.1 QoS Services in Ethernet-based NGN 813.4.3 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 833.5 Management of Performance Measurements in NGN 843.6 DPI Performance Models and Metrics 863.7 QoS in Future Networks 893.7.1 Network Virtualization and QoS 903.7.2 Software-Defined Networking and QoS 933.8 Business and Regulatory Aspects 953.8.1 NGN Policies 953.8.2 NGN Regulation Aspects 963.8.3 NGN Business Aspects 97References 994 QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband 1014.1 Ultra-broadband DSL and Cable Access 1034.1.1 DSL Ultra-Broadband Access 1034.1.1.1 ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) 1034.1.2 Cable Ultra-Broadband Access 1054.2 Ultra-Broadband Optical Access 1074.3 QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband Access 1104.3.1 QoS for DSL Access 1104.3.2 QoS for Cable Access 1124.3.3 QoS for PON Access 1144.4 QoS in Ethernet and Metro Ethernet 1174.4.1 Class of Service for the Carrier Ethernet 1204.5 End-to-End QoS Network Design 1234.5.1 End-to-End Network Performance Parameters for IP-based Services 1244.5.2 QoS Classes by the ITU 1264.5.3 End-to-End QoS Considerations for Network Design 1284.6 Strategic Aspects for Ultra-Broadband 130References 1335 QoS for Mobile Ultra-Broadband 1375.1 Mobile Ultra-Broadband Network Architectures 1385.1.1 3G Network Architecture 1395.1.2 4G Network Architecture 1405.1.3 5G Network Architecture 1455.2 QoS in 3G Broadband Mobile Networks 1475.3 QoS in 4G Ultra-Broadband: LTE-Advanced-Pro 1505.4 QoS and Giga Speed WiFi 1545.5 WiFi vs. LTE/LTE-Advanced in Unlicensed Bands: The QoS Viewpoint 1605.6 The ITU’s IMT-2020 1625.7 QoS in 5G Mobile Ultra-Broadband 1655.7.1 5G QoS Control and Rules 1685.7.2 5G QoS Flow Mapping 1685.8 Mobile Broadband Spectrum Management and QoS 1705.9 Very Small Cell Deployments and Impact on QoS 1725.10 Business and Regulation Aspects for Mobile Ultra-Broadband 1745.10.1 Business Aspects 1745.10.2 Regulation Aspects 176References 1776 Services in Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband 1796.1 QoS-enabled VoIP Services 1796.1.1 NGN Provision of VoIP Services 1806.1.2 Discussion on Telecom Operator vs. OTT Voice Service Quality 1826.2 QoS-enabled Video and IPTV Services 1836.2.1 IPTV and QoS 1846.3 QoE for VoIP and IPTV 1886.3.1 QoE for VoIP 1886.3.2 QoE for IPTV 1906.4 QoS for Popular Internet Services 1926.5 QoS for Business Users (VPN Services) 1966.6 QoS for Internet Access Service and Over-the-Top Data Services 1986.6.1 Traffic Management for OTT Services 2006.6.2 Traffic Management Approaches 2006.6.3 Traffic Management Influence on QoE for OTT Services 2046.7 Internet of Things (IoT) Services 2056.7.1 Mobile Cellular Internet of Things 2066.7.2 IoT Big Data and Artificial Intelligence 2096.8 Cloud Computing Services 2106.8.1 QoS Metrics for Cloud Services 2126.9 Business and Regulatory Challenges for Services Over Ultra-Broadband 2146.9.1 Business Aspects for Broadband Services 2146.9.2 Regulatory Challenges for Broadband Services 216References 2187 Broadband QoS Parameters, KPIs, and Measurements 2217.1 QoS, QoE, and Application Needs 2217.2 Generic and Specific QoS Parameters 2247.2.1 Comparable Performance Indicators 2257.2.2 Standardized QoS Parameters 2257.3 Interconnection and QoS 2277.3.1 QoS Aspects for TDM Interconnection 2287.3.2 Internet Traffic Interconnection 2307.3.3 End-to-End QoS and IP Networks Interconnection 2317.4 KPIs for Real-Time Services 2337.4.1 KPIs for Voice Over LTE Services 2357.4.2 KPIs for IPTV and Video Services 2367.5 KPIs for Data Services and VPNs 2377.5.1 KPIs for Data Services 2377.5.2 KPIs for VPN Services 2407.5.3 KPIs for Mobile Services 2417.6 KPIs for Smart Sustainable Cities 2447.7 QoS and QoE Assessment Methodologies 2467.7.1 QoS/QoE Measurement Systems 2467.7.2 Basic Network Model for Measurements 2487.7.3 Quality Assessment Methodologies 2497.8 Broadband QoS Measurements 2517.8.1 Framework for QoS Measurements of IP Network Services 2517.8.2 QoS Evaluation Scenarios 2537.8.3 Discussion About the Sampling Methodology 2547.9 Quality Measurement Tools and Platforms 2557.10 Discussion 257References 2588 Network Neutrality 2618.1 Introduction to Network Neutrality 2618.2 Degradations of Internet Access Service 2628.3 Main Regulatory Goals on Network Neutrality 2668.4 Network Neutrality Business Aspects 2688.5 Role of NRAs in Regulation of Network Neutrality 2708.6 Network Neutrality Approaches 2728.6.1 Network Neutrality Approach in Europe 2728.6.2 Network Neutrality Approach in the United States 2748.7 Challenges Regarding QoS and Network Neutrality 2768.8 Network Neutrality Enforcement 2788.9 Discussion 279References 2819 QoS Regulatory Framework 2839.1 Scope of QoS Regulation 2839.2 Fundamentals of QoS Regulation 2859.3 QoS Regulation Guidelines by the ITU 2879.4 SLA and QoS Regulation 2889.4.1 QoS Agreement 2899.4.2 SLA and QoS Regulation 2909.5 Specifying Parameters, Levels, and Measurement Methods 2919.5.1 Defining QoS Parameters 2929.5.2 Setting Target Levels and Making Measurements 2939.6 KPIs and Measurement Methods for Fixed and Mobile Services 2949.6.1 Audit of QoS and Publishing the Measurements 2959.6.2 KPI Measurements in Mobile Networks 2959.6.3 KPI Measurements in Fixed Broadband Networks 2989.7 QoS and Pricing 2999.8 QoS Enforcement 3029.9 Discussion 305References 30610 Conclusions 307Index 313