Principles of Electronic and Electromechanic Power Conversion

BRAHAM FERREIRA, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy at Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.WIM van der MERWE, PhD, is with ABB Corporate Research in Baden, Switzerland.

• PREFACE xi1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND POWER CONVERSION 11.1 Electricity as an Energy Carrier 11.2 Development of Electrical Energy Conversion Systems 41.3 System Building Blocks 61.4 Guide to the Book 71.4.1 Generation, Storage and Consumption of Electricity 81.4.2 Power Transfer and Matching of Loads and Sources 81.4.3 Electromechanics 91.4.4 Power Electronics 9Problems 92 ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCES AND ENERGY STORAGE 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Primary Sources 122.2.1 Centralised Sources 122.2.2 Decentralised Sources 172.3 Secondary Sources 202.3.1 Basic Concepts 202.3.2 Storage as Chemical Energy—Hydrogen 232.3.3 Storage as Electrochemical Energy 232.3.4 Storage as Electrical Energy 252.3.5 Storage as Mechanical Energy 262.4 Highlights 29Problems 303 POWER, REACTIVE POWER AND POWER FACTOR 353.1 Introduction 353.2 Power in DC Circuits 363.3 Power in Resistive AC Circuits 383.4 Effective or rms Values 393.5 Phasor Representation 413.6 Power in AC Circuits 453.6.1 Power in a Capacitive Circuit 463.7 Apparent Power, Real Power and Power Factor 493.8 Complex Power 503.9 Electrical Energy Cost and Power Factor Correction 523.10 Fourier Series 563.11 Harmonics in Power Systems 603.12 Power and Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms 613.13 Effective or rms Value of Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms 653.14 Power Factor of Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms 663.15 Harmonics in Power Systems 703.16 Three-Phase Systems 733.17 Harmonics in Balanced Three-Phase Systems 753.18 Highlights 77Problems 80Further Reading 824 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED NETWORKS 854.1 Introduction 854.2 Basic Concepts 854.2.1 Ampère’s Circuital Law 864.2.2 Faraday’s Induction Law 874.2.3 Relationship between Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Field Strength 894.2.4 Inductance 934.2.5 Basic Magnetic Circuits 954.2.6 Magnetic Circuit with an Air Gap 994.3 Mutual Inductance 1014.3.1 Simple Air-Core Transformer 1034.3.2 Leakage Flux and the Transformer Core 1044.4 Ideal Transformer 1124.4.1 Referral of an Impedance 1134.4.2 Leakage and Magnetising Inductances 1144.5 Highlights 118Problems 120Further Reading 1215 DYNAMICS OF ROTATIONAL SYSTEMS 1235.1 Introduction 1235.2 Preliminaries 1245.3 Rotational Dynamics 1275.3.1 Torque 1275.3.2 Angular Displacement, Speed and Acceleration 1285.3.3 Equations of Rotational Motion 1295.3.4 Moment of Inertia 1295.3.5 Rotating System 1305.4 Coupling Mechanisms 1335.4.1 Belt and Pulley 1345.4.2 Gears 1365.5 Highlights 138Problems 140Further Reading 1406 POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS 1416.1 Introduction 1416.2 Linear Voltage Regulator 1426.3 Switched Approach 1456.4 Basic Assumptions 1506.4.1 Switching Components 1506.4.2 Linear Components 1506.5 Buck Converter 1526.5.1 State I 1536.5.2 State II 1546.5.3 Combining the Two States 1546.5.4 Simplified Analysis Approach 1556.5.5 What if vc(t) ≠ Vc? 1576.6 Discontinious Conduction Mode 1626.6.1 Boundary between CCM and DCM  1626.6.2 Relationship between Vs and Vc in DCM 1646.7 Other Basic Converter Structures 1696.7.1 Boost Converter 1696.7.2 Buck–Boost Converter 1716.8 DC–DC Converters with Isolation 1726.8.1 Coupled Inductor Isolation: Flyback 1736.8.2 Transformer Isolation: Half-bridge 1786.8.3 Transformer Isolation: Full-bridge 1826.9 Highlights 187Problems 189Further Reading 1937 SIMPLE ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1957.1 Introduction 1957.2 Motional Voltage and Electromagnetic Force 1967.2.1 Conductor Moving in a Uniform Magnetic Field 1967.2.2 Current-Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field 2017.2.3 Right-Hand Rule 2047.3 Simple Linear DC Machine 2047.3.1 Starting of the Linear DC Motor 2067.3.2 Linear DC Machine Operating as a Motor 2077.3.3 Linear DC Machine Operating as a Generator 2087.3.4 Electrical Equivalent Circuit of the Linear DC Machine 2097.3.5 Mechanical Equivalent Circuit of the Linear DC Machine 2117.3.6 A Practical Example: The Railgun 2117.4 Basic Operation of the DC Machine 2147.4.1 Induced Voltage 2147.4.2 Mechanical Voltage Rectification 2177.4.3 Force and Torque 2197.4.4 Power Balance between Mechanical and Electrical Power 2217.4.5 The benefit of a Uniform Air Gap 2237.5 Practical DC Machine Construction 2247.5.1 Induced Voltage in a Real DC Machine 2257.5.2 Torque Produced in a Real DC Machine 2277.6 Practical DC Machine Configurations 2317.6.1 Permanent Magnet DC Machine 2347.6.2 Field Winding DC Machines 2407.6.3 Losses 2447.7 DC Machine as a Component in a System 2467.8 Highlights 248Problems 250Further Reading 2528 AC MACHINES 2538.1 Introduction 2538.2 Three-Phase AC Electrical Port 2538.3 AC Machine Stator 2568.3.1 Rotating Magnetic Field 2578.3.2 Reversing the Direction of Rotation 2608.3.3 Increasing the Number of Poles 2618.3.4 Flux Created in the Air Gap 2628.3.5 Induced Voltage in Three-Phase Stator Windings 2668.3.6 Increasing the Number of Poles 2688.3.7 Changing the Magnitude of the Induced Voltage 2698.4 Synchronous Machine 2718.4.1 The Equivalent Circuit 2738.4.2 Phasor Diagram 2758.4.3 Power Angle Characteristic Equation 2768.4.4 Controlling the Power Factor 2788.5 Induction Machine 2818.5.1 Induced Currents in the Induction Machine Rotor 2818.5.2 Development of an Equivalent Circuit 2878.5.3 Measurement of the Induction Machine Parameters 2918.5.4 Performance Calculations 2938.5.5 Induction Motor as a Component in a System 2978.6 Highlights 299Problems 302Further Reading 304INDEX 305