This new edition is a comprehensive and practical guide to European patent law – a 'ius commune'. The book highlights the areas of consistency and difference between the most influential European patent law jurisdictions: the European Patent Office, England and Wales, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The book also draws insights from further afield, with contributions from other, very active, patent jurisdictions, including Italy, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland.Uniquely, the book addresses European patent law by subject matter area, assessing the key national and EPO approaches together rather than nation by nation. Each chapter outlines the common ground between the national approaches and provides a guide for the possible application of European patent law in national courts and the UPC in the future.In addition to featuring content on new countries, the second edition includes new chapters dedicated to the substantive aspects of FRAND, declarations, and evidence. There is also an expanded commentary on construction, including common terms used in patent claims. A must-read for anyone working in the field of European patent law.
Paul England is a solicitor at Taylor Wessing, London, UK.
IntroductionI. Towards a ius commune of Patent LawII. The Purpose of this Book1. The Skilled Person and their Common General KnowledgeI. The Skilled Person or TeamII. Common General KnowledgeIII. Key Issues for the UPC2. Scope of Protection of Patent ClaimsI. Statutory BasisII. Principles of ConstructionIII. General Principles of National Law on the Doctrine of EquivalentsIV. The Role of the 'Formstein Defence'V. The Role of the Prosecution FileVI. Particular Terms and Forms of ClaimVII. Numerical RangesVIII. Case Comparison - The Pemetrexed DecisionsIX. Key Issues for the UPC3. Direct InfringementI. Statutory BasisII. LiabilityIII. TerritorialityIV. Product Claims (Article 25(a) CPC 1989)V. Process Claims (Article 25(b) CPC 1989)VI. Products Made by an Infringing Process (Article 25(c) CPC 1989)VII. Processes for Obtaining New ProductsVIII. Second Medical Use Claim InfringementIX. Infringement of DNA SequencesXI. Key Issues for the UPC4. Indirect InfringementI. Statutory BasisII. Means Relating to an Essential Element of the InventionIII. Means Suitable for Putting the Invention into EffectIV. KnowledgeV. Staple Commercial ProductsVI. Double-territorialityVII. Indirect Infringement of Swiss Form ClaimsVIII. Other forms of Contributory InfringementXI. Key Issues for the UPC5. General DefencesI. The Diverse Sources of Defence to InfringementII. The Experimental Use ExemptionIII. The Bolar ExemptionIV. Other Statutory DefencesV. ExhaustionVI. De minimisVII. Public Interest Compulsion and Crown UseVIII. Invalidity and Non-Infringement of Claims AssertedIX. Issue EstoppelX. FRAND License ObjectionXI. Prior Use (Article 37 CPC 1989)XII. Innocent Infringement as a Defence to DamagesXIII. Key Issues for the UPC6. DeclarationsI. General Jurisdictional BasisII. Declarations of Non-InfringementIII. Declarations that a Patent is Standard EssentialIV. Declarations Concerning ValidityV. Key Issues for the UPC7. FRANDI. Standards, SEPs and FRANDII. Guidance at the European LevelIII. General Principles of National LawIV. Determining the FRAND RateV. Anti-Suit Injunctions (ASIs) and Anti-Anti-Suit Injunctions (AASIs)VI. Key Issues for the UPC8. RemediesI. Statutory BasisII. Preliminary InjunctionsIII. Damages for Unjustified InjunctionsIV. Protective LettersV. Quia Timet InjunctionVI. Final InjunctionsVII. Springboard ReliefVIII. Award of DamagesIX. Account of ProfitsX. Recall, Removing from the Channels of Commerce and DestructionXI. Publication of JudgmentXII. Effect of Tested ValidityXIII. Substantive Treatment of CostsXIV. Key Issues for the UPC9. Patentability and Industrial ApplicationI. Statutory BasisII. Industrial ApplicationIII. Excluded Subject-matterIV. Exceptions to PatentabilityV. Methods of Treatment and Diagnostics – Article 53(c) EPCVI. Key Issues for the UPC10. NoveltyI. Statutory BasisII. General Principles of EPO and National Case LAWIII. Treatment of Disclosure and EnablementIV. Interpreting Patent Claims and the Prior Act for Novelty PurposesV. Made Available to the PublicVI. Novelty over General Disclosures in the ArtVII. PriorityVIII. Product by Process ClaimsIX. Second and Subsequent Medical UsesX. Other Forms of Purpose-limited ClaimsXI. Claim AmendmentXII. Key Issues for the UPC11. Inventive StepI. Statutory BasisII. DateIII. Determination of Fact or Law?IV. Technical or Commercial Question?V. The Role of Common General KnowledgeVI. Structured Approaches to Inventive StepVII. Motivation Based ApproachesVIII. Criticism of Problem-and-SolutionIX. Criticism of Motivation-based TestsX. An Alternative Basis for Assessing Inventive StepXI. Mixed Technical and Non-technical FeaturesXII. Combinations of Prior Art FeaturesXIII. Other FactorsXIV. Case Comparison (Tadalafil)XV. Key Issues for the UPC12. SufficiencyI. Statutory BasisII. General Approaches of EPO and National LawIII. Principle of General ApplicationIV. Technical Contribution and Invention Treated SeparatelyV. Forms of ClaimVI. Inventive Improvements/InfringementsVII. Promised Quality not Enabled and ErrorsVIII. Deposits of Biological MaterialIX. Plausibility in the Context of InsufficiencyX. Lack of ClarityXI. Key Issues for the UPC13. PlausibilityI. Is There a Statutory Basis?II. Origins of Plausibility in the EPOIII. Inventive StepIV. InsufficiencyV. Industrial ApplicabilityVI. The Novelty ContextVII. Post-dated Evidence and ab-initio PlausibilityVIII. The Plausibility ThresholdIX. Further QuestionsX. Key Issues for the UPC14. Supplementary Protection CertificatesI. Statutory BasisII. Certificates for Plant Protection ProductsIII. Conditions for GrantIV. Protected by a Basic Patent in ForceV. Marketing Authorisations in the SPC ContextVI. Extent of Protection (Article 4 SPC Regulation)VII. Same Rights as Conferred by the Patent (Article 5 SPC Regulation)VIII. TermIX. Medicinal Products for Paediatric UseX. The SPC Manufacturing for ex-EUXI. Key Issues for the UPC and the Need for Reform15. Patent Ownership, Dealings and Employee InventorsI. IntroductionII. OwnershipIII. Approaches to Inventor CompensationIV. Right of Co-ownersV. Patent DealingsVI. Effect of Transfer of Ownership on LicenseeVII. Compulsory LicensesVIII. Public Interest CompulsionIX. Unitary Patents as ‘Objects of Property’16. Cross-border Actions in EuropeI. Relation between National and EPO ProceedingsII. The Brussels RegulationIII. Cross-border Validity ActionsIV. Cross-border Infringement ActionsV. Cross-border Declarations of Non-infringementVI. Key Issues for the UPC17. EvidenceI. General PrinciplesII. Burden of ProofIII. General Obligations to Produce EvidenceIV. Specific Means for Obtaining EvidenceV. Role of Witness of Fact EvidenceVI. Opinion EvidenceVII. ExperimentsVIII. Letters Rogatory (Letters of Request) and US 1782IX. Border SeizuresX. ConfidentialityXI. PrivilegeXII. Key Issues for the UPC