Plasma Processes and Polymers

The editors are leading scientists worldwide, well known from their publications, their work as editors as well as from conference organizations* Dr. Riccardo d'Agostino, Professor, Director of the Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Italy* Dr. Michael R. Wertheimer, Professor, NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Low Pressure Plasma Processing of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal Canada* Dr. Christian Oehr, Head of Dept. Interfacial Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany* Dr. Pietro Favia, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Bari

• Preface xviiList of Contributors xixPart I Plasma Deposition of Thin Films 11 Polymer Surface Modification with Monofunctional Groups of Different Type and Density 3J. Friedrich, G. Kühn, R. mix1.1 Introduction 31.2 Experimental 91.3 Results 101.3.1 Kinetics of the Deposition of Copolymers 101.3.2 Variation of the Density of Functional Groups 101.3.3 Structure and Stability of Copolymers 141.3.4 Relation between Functional Groups of Copolymers and Surface Energy 151.3.5 Relation between Functional Groups of Copolymers and Adhesion 151.4 Discussion 192 RF-Plasma Deposition of SiOX and a-C:H as Barrier Coatings on Polymers 23D. Hegemann, U. Schütz, C. Oehr2.1 Introduction 232.2 Experimental 242.3 Results and Discussion 272.4 Conclusions 353 Upscaling of Plasma Processes for Carboxyl Functionalization 39V. Sciarratta, D. Hegemann, M. Müller, U. Vohrer, C. Oehr3.1 Introduction 393.2 Experimental 403.2.1 Materials 403.2.2 Plasma-Deposition Apparatus 403.2.3 Characterization Techniques 423.3 Results and Discussion 433.4 Conclusions 484 Deposition of Fluorocarbon Films on Al and SiO2 Surfaces in High-Density Fluorocarbon Plasmas: Selectivity and Surface Wettability 51A. Tserepi, P. Bayiati, E. Gogolides, K. Misiakos, Ch. Cardinaud4.1 Introduction 514.2 Experimental 524.3 Results and Discussion 544.3.1 Etching and Deposition in C4 F8 Plasmas 544.3.2 Etching and Deposition Experiments in CHF3 /CH4 Plasmas 584.3.3 FC Film Characterization: Chemical Composition 604.4 Conclusions 635 Hot-wire Plasma Deposition of Doped DLC Films on Fluorocarbon Polymers for Biomedical Applications 65V.N. Vasilets, A. Hirose, Q. Yang, A. Singh, R. Sammynaiken, Yu.M. Shulga, A.V. Kuznetsov, V.I. Sevastianov5.1 Introduction 655.2 Experimental Details 665.2.1 Preparation of Samples 665.2.2 Plasma Deposition Technique 665.2.3 Surface Characterization 675.2.4 Platelet-Adhesion Technique 685.3 Results and Discussion 685.3.1 Characterization of Deposited Film 685.3.2 Platelet Adhesion 736 Properties of Silicon Nitride by Room-Temperature Inductively Coupled Plasma Deposition 77H. Zhou, C. Sim, A. Glidle. C. Hodson, R. Kinsey, C. D. W. Wilkinson6.1 Introduction 776.2 Experimental Systems 786.3 Results and Discussion 796.4 Conclusions 857 Structural Analysis of Diamond-like Carbon Films Deposited by RF (13.56 MHz) in a Methane Gas Plasma Atmosphere 87M. Ouchabane, M. Aoucher, A. Sekkal, K. Henda and H. Lahmar7.1 Introduction 877.2 Experimental Procedure 887.2.1 Deposition Apparatus 887.2.2 Experimental Conditions 897.3 Results and Discussions 907.3.1 X-ray Auger Electron Spectroscopy (XAES) 907.3.2 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 917.4 Conclusion 938 Rate constant of HMDSO + O reaction in plasma afterglow 95Vít Kudrle, Vojtěch Doležal, Antonín Tálsk™, Jan Janča8.1 Introduction 958.2 Experimental 968.3 Calculation of the rate constant 978.4 Results and discussion 998.5 Conclusion 1019 Plasma-Enhanced Thin-Film Deposition On Polycarbonates 103 B. Ulejczyk, T. Opalinska, L. Karpinski, K. Schmidt-Szalowski9.1 Introduction 1039.2 Experimental 1049.3 Results 1069.4 Discussion 1129.5 Conclusions 11410 Molecular Tailoring Coating on TiO2 Nanoparticle Surface by Plasma Polymerization 117Jing Zhang, Feng Zhu, Changnian Shi, Li Sun, Ying Wang, Zhan Cheng, Ping Ji, Qinyu Yang, Ying Guo, Rongming Zhou, Hankun Xie, W. J. van Ooij, Jie Lian,Donglu Shi10.1 Introduction 11710.2 Experimental 11910.3 Results and Discussions 12010.3.1 Surface Morphology 12010.3.2 Surface Molecular Structure 12210.3.3 Dispersion Behavior of AA-Plasma-Polymer-Coated TiO2 Nanoparticles 12410.4 Conclusion 127Part II Plasma-Grafting of Functional Groups 12911 Introduction of Acidic Functional Groups onto the Surface of Activated Carbons by Atmospheric-Pressure Nonthermal Plasma 131 Satoshi Kodama and Hidetoshi Sekiguchi11.1 Introduction 13111.2 Experimental 13211.2.1 Materials 13211.2.2 Plasma Treatment of the Samples 13211.2.3 Characterization 13611.3 Results and Discussion 13711.3.1 Surface Chemistry 13711.3.2 Surface Morphology 14011.4 Conclusion 14212 Treatment of Flexible Polyethylene with Low-pressure Plasma to Improve its Painting Properties 143 Asunción Martínez-García, Alejandra Segura-Domingo, Ana Sánchez-Reche, Santiago Gisbert-Soler12.1 Introduction 14312.2 Experimental 14412.2.1 Materials 14412.2.2 Experimental Techniques 14412.3 Results and Discussion 14512.3.1 Effect of Treatment Time 14512.3.2 Effect of Plasma Power 15012.3.3 Effect of the Pressure inside the Chamber 15212.3.4 Durability of the Treatment Effect 15312.4 Conclusions 15413 Surface Modification of PVDF by Microwave Plasma Treatment for Electroless Metallization 157Mihaela Pascu, Dominique Debarnot, S. Durand, Fabienne Poncin-Epaillard13.1 Introduction 15713.2 Materials and Methods 15813.3 Results and Discussion 16013.3.1 Contact-Angle and Weight-Loss Measurements 16013.3.2 Aging Studies 16613.3.3 XPS results 16813.3.4 Titration of the Surface Amino Groups 17013.3.5 Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction 17113.3.6 Preliminary Results on PVDF Metallization 17313.3.7 Assays on Piezoelectric Coefficient Determination 17413.4 Conclusion 17514 Different Performance of Ar, O2 and CO2 RF Plasmas in the Adhesion of Thermoplastic Rubber to Polyurethane Adhesive 177Ana B. Ortiz-Magán, M. Mercedes Pastor-Blas, José Miguel Martín-Martínez14.1 Introduction 17714.2 Experimental 17814.2.1 Materials 17814.2.2 Experimental Techniques 17914.3 Results and Discussion 18014.4 Conclusions 19115 Low-temperature Plasma Treatment of Dry Empress-Tree Seeds 193N. Puač, Z.Lj. Petrović, S.Živković, Z. Giba, D. Grubišić and A.R. Đorđević15.1 Introduction 19315.2 Experimental Setup 19415.2.1 Power Transmitted to the Plasma 19515.3 Paulownia tomentosa Steud 19715.4 Results and Discussion 19815.5 Conclusion 20216 Ion-induced Chemical and Structural Modification of Polymer Surfaces 205G. Suchaneck, M. Guenther, G. Gerlach, K. Sahre, K.-J. Eichhorn, B. Wolf, A. Deyneka, L. Jastrabik16.1 Ion Modification of Polymers 20516.1.1 Modification of Polymer Properties 20616.1.2 Energy Transfer from Ions to Polymer 20616.1.3 Ion-modified Polymers for Sensor Application 20616.1.4 Objective of this Work 20716.2 Experimental 20816.2.1 Sample Preparation 20816.2.2 Evaluation of Structural Changes 20916.2.3 Evaluation of Moisture Uptake 21016.2.4 Electrical Measurements 21016.3 Results and Discussion 21116.3.1 Structural Changes 21116.3.2 Moisture Uptake 21616.3.3 Electrical Conductivity 21916.4 Conclusions 21917 Plasma-Enhanced Fluorination of Nitrile Butadiene Elastomer: an XPS study 223A. Tressaud, E. Durand, C. Labrugère17.1 Introduction 22317.2 Experimental Procedure 22417.2.1 Elastomer Samples 22417.2.2 Fluorination Procedure: The Plasma-enhanced Fluorination (PEF) 22417.2.3 XPS Characterization 22517.3 Results and Comparison of the XPS Spectra 22617.3.1 Plasma-enhanced Fluorination 22617.3.2 Comparison with Direct F2-gas Fluorination 22817.4 Concluding Remarks 23118 Plasma-Surface Modification of Styrene-Butadiene Elastomers for Improved Adhesion 233J. Tyczkowski, I. Krawczyk, B. Woźniak18.1 Introduction 23318.2 Experimental 23618.2.1 Materials 23618.2.2 Plasma Treatment 23618.2.3 Wet-chemical Treatment 23718.2.4 Surface-characterization Techniques 23718.3 Results and Discussion 23818.3.1 Preliminary Peel Test 23818.3.2 Plasma Chlorination 23818.3.3 CO2 and O2 Plasma Treatment 24618.4 Conclusion 25019 PET Surface after Plasma or Laser Treatment: Study of the Chemical Modifications and Adhesive Properties 253P. Laurens, S. Petit, P. Bertrand, F. Arćfi-Khonsari19.1 Introduction 25319.2 Experimental Details 25419.3 Results 25719.3.1 Untreated PET 25719.3.2 Plasma-treated PET 25919.3.3 Laser-treated PET 26019.4 Discussion 26419.4.1 Surface Oxidation 26419.4.2 Surface Degradation 26519.4.3 Al–PET Adhesion 26719.5 Conclusion 26820 Plasma Pretreatments and Treatments on Polytetrafluoroethylene for Reducing the Hydrophobic Recovery 271P. Favia, A. Milella, L. Iacobelli, R. d’Agostino20.1 Introduction 27120.2 Experimental 27320.3 Results and Discussion 27420.4 Conclusions 27921 Oxygen-plasma Modification of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) containing Copolymers for Micro- and Nanofabrication 281 N. Vourdas, V. Bellas, E. Tegou, O. Brani, V. Constantoudis, P. Argitis, A. Tserepi and E. Gogolides, D. Eon, G. Cartry, C. Cardinaud21.1 Introduction and Experimental Conditions 28121.2 Results and Discussion 28421.2.1 Etching of POSS Copolymers in Oxygen Plasmas 28412.2 Surface Roughness of POSS Polymers after Plasma Treatment 28721.3 Conclusions 291Part III Plasma and Life Science 29322 Radicals of Plasma Needle Detected with Fluorescent Probe 295Ingrid E. Kieft, Joep J.B.N. van Berkel, Erik R. Kieft, Eva Stoffels22.1 Introduction 29522.2 Experimental 29722.2.1 Plasma Needle 29722.2.2 Raman Scattering 29822.2.3 Fluorescent Probe 29822.2.4 Calibration with NO Radicals 29922.2.5 Plasma Treatment 30122.3 Results and Discussion 30122.3.1 Raman Scattering 30122.3.2 The Fluorescent Probe Measurements 30222.4 Conclusions 30723 RF-Plasma Treatment on the Inside of Small Functional Devices for Biomedical Application 309C. Oehr, D. Hegemann, M. Müller, U. Vohrer, M. Storr23.1 Introduction 30923.2 Experimental 31023.3 Results and Discussion 31123.3.1 Devices with Geometrically Well-described Trenches Oriented Parallel to the Applied Field 31123.3.2 Devices with Geometrically Defined Trenches Oriented Nonparallel to the Applied Field 31323.3.3 Devices with Pores in Micrometer Dimension 31423.4 Conclusions 31724 Plasma Sterilisation: Mechanisms Overview and Influence of Discharge Parameters 319Francois Rossi, Riccardo De Mitri, Sophie Bobin and Rosy Eloy24.1 Introduction 31924.2 Experimental 32024.3 Results 32224.4 Discussion 32924.5 Conclusions 33025 Improvement of Low-pressure Microwave Plasma-assisted Amino Functionalization of Polymers 333 K. Schröder, B. Finke, A. Ohl25.1 Introduction 33325.2 Experimental 33625.2.1 Plasma Processing 33625.2.2 Surface Diagnostics 33725.3 Results and Discussion 33825.3.1 Amino Functionalization in the UHV Plasma System 33825.3.2 Amino Functionalization in the Low-Vacuum Plasma Reactor 34325.4 Summary 34726 PE-CVD Modification of Medical-grade PVC to Inhibit Bacterial Adhesion: PEO-like and Nanocomposite Ag/PEO-like Coatings 351 D.J. Balazs, K. Triandafillu, E. Sardella, G. Iacoviello, P. Favia, R. d’Agostino, H. Harms, and H.J. Mathieu26.1 Introduction 35126.2 Materials and Methods 35326.2.1 Substrate Preparation 3532.2 Plasma-Deposition Processes 35426.2.3 Protein Adsorption 35526.2.4 XPS Analysis 35526.2.5 Contact-Angle Measurements 35626.2.6 Bacterial Adhesion 35626.3 Results and Discussion 35726.3.1 PEO-like Film Deposition 35726.3.2 Ag/PEO-like Films 36026.2.3 Evaluation of Protein Adsorption 36526.3.4 Evaluation of Bacterial Adhesion 36726.4 Conclusion 36927 Plasma-aided Micropatterning of Polystyrene Substrates for Driving Cell Adhesion and Spreading 373 E. Sardella, R. Gristina, G.S. Senesi, R. d’Agostino, P. Favia27.1 Introduction 37327.2 Materials and Methods 37527.2.1 Surface Modifications 37527.2.2 Surface Diagnostic 37527.2.3 Cell Culture 37627.3 Results and Discussion 37727.3.1 PD-PEO-l Coatings 37727.3.3 Micropatterning of PEO-like Coatings 38127.4 Conclusions 38528 Plasma-deposited Acrylic Acid Coatings on Flat and Nanostructured Substrates for Cell-Culture Experiments 389L. Detomaso, R. Gristina, G.S. Senesi, L.C. Lopez, P. Favia, R. d’Agostino28.1 Introduction 38928.2 Experimental 39028.2.1 Substrates 39028.2.2 Plasma Reactors and Processes 39128.2.3 Surface Characterization 39128.2.4 Cell-Culture Experiments 39228.3 Results and Discussion 39228.4 Conclusions 40029 The Model for Origin of Life Precursors Based on Exhaust Utilisation in the Electric Discharge 403Marcela Morvová, Imrich Morva, František Hanic29.1 Introduction 40329.2 Experimental 40429.3 Conclusions 411Part IV Chemical Synthesis, Powders and Non-Equilibrium Effects 41330 Gliding-Discharge CF 2 Cl 2 and CHF 2 Cl Decomposition in Reducing Conditions 415Teresa Opalińska, Anna Opalska, Krzysztof Schmidt-Szałowski30.1 Introduction 41530.2 Experimental 41730.2.1 Experimental Setup 41730.2.2 Chemical Analysis 41830.2.3 Conditions of Experiments 41830.2.4 Definition of the Process Parameters 41930.3 Results and Discussion 42030.3.1 Essential Parameters of the Process Characteristics 42030.3.2 Main Reaction Products – Hydrocarbons and Carbon Black 42230.3.3 Formation of Fluorine-containing Organic Compounds 42430.3.4 Energetic Efficiency of the Process 42630.4 Conclusions 42631 The Oxidation of Streams for Diesel Fuels Formulations by Means of High-voltage Oxygen Plasmas 431Pedro Patiño, Eugenio Farrera, and Aurora Mejía31.1 Introduction 43131.2 Experimental 43231.2.1 Equipment 43231.3 Results 43331.3.1 Model Compounds 43331.3.2 Streams and Fuel Oil 43731.4 Discussion 43731.5 Conclusions 43932 Acetylene and Ethylene Carbon Blacks Production in Plasma Process 443Tomasz Zieliński, Teresa Opalińska, Jacek Kijeński32.1 Introduction 44332.2 Experimental 44432.2.1 Apparatus 44432.2.2 Procedure 44532.3 Results and Discussion 44632.4 Conclusions 45333 DCM Production in a Dusty-Plasma Trap 455A. Ivanov, V. Mitin, A. Pal, A. Ryabinkin, A. Serov, E. Skryleva, A Starostin, V. Fortov, Yu. Shulga33.1 Introduction 45533.2 The Setup for DCM Production 45633.3 Results and Discussion 45833.3.1 Measurement of the Mean Nickel Content 45933.3.2 Measurement of the Specific Surface 46033.3.3 X-ray Diffraction Investigations 46033.3.4 Magnetic Properties of the Processed Powder 46133.3.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 46233.4 Conclusion 46334 Dust Particles in the dc Glow-Discharge Plasma: Self-organization and Peculiarities of Behavior 465V.E. Fortov, A.G. Khrapak, V.I. Molotkov, O.F. Petrov, M.Y. Poustylnik, V.M. Torchinsky34.1 Introduction 46534.2 Experimental Setup 46634.3 Plasma Crystals and Liquids 46834.3.1 Structures of Spherical Grains 46834.3.2 Plasma Liquid Crystal 46934.4 Wave Phenomena 47034.5 Diagnostics of the dc Glow-Discharge Plasma 47234.5.1 Measurement of the Grain Charge 47234.5.2 Application of Thermophoresis for Diagnostics of Dust-Particle Confinement 47334.6 Conclusion 47535 Controlled Growth of Carbon Nanotubes Using Pulsed Glow-Barrier Discharge 477Tomohiro Nozaki, Yoshihito Kimura, Ken Okazaki, Shigeru Kado35.1 Introduction 47735.2 Experimental 47835.3 General Aspects of Carbon-Nanotube Deposition with He-based APG 47935.4 Aligned Nanotube Growth with Pulsed APG 48135.4.1 Effect of Pulsed Voltage on Alignment 48335.4.2 Growth Temperature and Pulse Duty 48435.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Work 48536 Investigation of Excited Species in a Carbon Ablation Plume in Nitrogen Gas Environment 489M.A. Bratescu, Y. Sakai, N. Sakura, D. Yamaoka, Y. Suda and H. Sugawara36.1 Introduction 48936.2 Experimental Setup 49036.3 Results and Discussion 49236.4 Conclusions 49737 Optimization of a DC-RF Hybrid Plasma Flow System Using Statistical Analysis 499Kohtaro Kawajiri, Kandasamy Ramachandran and Hideya Nishiyama37.1 Introduction 49937.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedures 50037.3 Results and Discussion 50337.3.1 Particle Residence Time 50337.3.2 Appearance and Disappearance Voltages 50537.3.3 Upper Limit of Injected Nitrogen Flow Rate 50937.3.4 Downstream-Gas Temperature 51437.3.5 Optimization 51637.4 Conclusion 517