Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress

Ganesh C. Nikalje, PhD, an assistant professor of botany at Seva Sadan's R. K. Talreja College of Arts, Science, and Commerce, University of Mumbai. During his doctoral work, he unraveled the salt tolerance mechanism of the facultative halophyte, Sesuvium portulacastrum, at both the molecular and metabolomic levels. In addition, he revealed additive and combined salt tolerance mechanisms in contrasting soybean genotypes. He has two independent research projects funded by the University of Mumbai and to date has 19 research papers, four books, 18 book chapters, and a research paper in a journal to his credit.Mohd. Shahnawaz, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, University of Ladakh, Kargil Campus, India. He has several years of teaching and postdoctoral research experience, working in diverse fields of life sciences including tissue culture of medicinal plants, genetic diversity assessment of medicinal plants using high-resolution molecular marks, enhancement of plants' secondary metabolites contents, and biodegradation of plastic. He has published more than 20 research articles, nine book chapters, and 12 books of international repute.Jyoti Parihar, PhD, is an associate professor and Head of the Department of Pedagogy in Biosciences, Government Post Graduate College of Education, Jammu, India. She has more than 24 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and has presented her work at various national and international conferences. She has published more than ten research papers in journals of repute and has three book chapters and two edited books to her credit. Her main areas of expertise include plant reproductive biology and the medicinal plant, Artemisia maritime L.Hilal Ahmad Qazi, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Government Degree College Pampore, Pulwama Jammu and Kashmir, India. He has more than 5 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and three years of postdoctoral teaching. He has worked on the effect of cold stress on proteome and metabolome of Digitalis purpurea in an independent project funded by the Indian Department of Science and Technology. He has presented his work at various national and international conferences and has published more than 20 research articles in peer-reviewed journals of repute, as well as several book chapters in books of international repute.Vishal N. Patil, PhD, is an assistant professor of botany at Vidyabharti College Rashtrasanth Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India, as well as a post-graduate teacher and recognized PhD supervisor at the School of Science & Technology at Nagpur University. To date, he has published 25 research papers in various international journals, as well as five books and three book chapters by national and international publishers. He has been invited as a resource for different conferences and symposia, guest lecturer at different institutes, and has organized various national conferences.Daochen Zhu, PhD, is a professor at the Biofuel Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China. He is an editor and editorial board member of various peer-reviewed journals of international repute. His research group focuses on microorganism resource and diversity, enzyme-mediated valorization of lignin into commodity products, and biodegradation of organic pollutants. He is also interested in the plant secondary metabolites and mitigation of microplastic using bioremediation technology. He has over 50 peer-reviewed publications, 12 patents, four book chapters, and three edited books to his credit.

• Foreword xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgment xxvAbout the Book xxvii1 Biochemical Responses of Plants to Individual and Combined Abiotic Stresses 1Kanchan Sharma, Kritika Jalota, Chiti Agarwal, Puja Pal and Suruchi Jindal1.1 Introduction 21.2 Biochemical Responses to Individual Abiotic Stresses 31.3 Biochemical Responses to Combined Abiotic Stresses 161.4 Conclusion 26References 272 Unraveling the Dynamics of Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Drought Conditions 35Gaurav Kumar2.1 Introduction 362.2 Oxidative Stress in Plants Under Drought Condition 362.3 Antioxidant Defense System of Plants 432.4 Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Against High ROS Under Drought Stress 432.5 ROS-Scavenging Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Under Drought Stress 552.6 Interplay of ROS With Reactive Carbonyl, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Plant Cells: A Crosstalk Saga 622.7 Conclusion 64References 653 Plant Metabolism and Abiotic Stress in Crops 81Tuba Taziun, Bilal Ahmad Mir, Ritu Kumari, Nahid Akhtar and Atif Khurshid Wani3.1 Introduction 823.2 Concepts and Types of Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 833.3 Plant Metabolism 893.4 Conclusion 95References 964 Targeting Compatible Solutes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 105Heena Shoket4.1 Introduction 1064.2 Stress Caused by Abiotic Factors 1074.3 Present Compatible Solutes for Stress Tolerance in Plants 1104.4 Genetic Engineering Perspective for Compatible Solutes Mediated Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants 1134.5 Importance of Ethylene in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 1174.6 Importance of Salicylic Acid in Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 1194.7 Importance of Cytokinin in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 1214.8 Importance of Abscisic Acid in the Controlling of Osmolytes in an Abiotic Environment 1224.9 Conclusion 124Author Contributions 124Conflict of Interest 124References 1255 Oxalate Crystals and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 131Puja Gupta, Ahtisham, Deepak Nandi, Sonu Ram Rohit Chhabra and Yudhishther Singh Bagal5.1 Introduction 1325.2 Formation of Crystals of Calcium Oxalate 1355.3 Forms of Oxalate Crystals in Plants 1375.4 Role of Oxalate Crystals to Cope with Abiotic Stresses 1395.5 Conclusion 143Acknowledgments 143Competing Interests 143References 1436 Role of Signaling Molecules in Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 149Reena S. Meshram6.1 Introduction 1506.2 Signaling Molecules 1506.3 ROS Signaling 1516.4 ABA in Stress Tolerance 1526.5 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) 1556.6 Cross-Talk Between Plants MAPK During Abiotic Stress Signal Transduction 1556.7 CRISPR-Cas9 in Stress Tolerance 1596.8 Conclusion 161References 1617 Impact of Abiotic Stress Signals on Secondary Metabolites in Plants 173Darshana Patil and Avinash Patil7.1 Introduction 1747.2 Abiotic Stresses in Plants 1757.3 Conclusion 1847.4 Future Prospective 184References 1848 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress 195Mahesh V. Kawale, Rupali P. Shirsat, Pratiksha Salunke and Dipak K. Koche8.1 Introduction 1968.2 Role of ROS in Plant Growth and Development 1978.3 Involvement of ROS in Plants’ Stress Response 1998.4 ROS Regulation in Plants 2008.5 Genes and Proteins Involved in ROS Regulation in Plants 2018.6 Conclusion 202References 2069 Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species Under Abiotic Stress in Plants 213Bilal Ahmad Mir, Tuba Taziun, Mushtaq Rasool Mir, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ritu Kumari, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar9.1 Introduction 2149.2 Abiotic Stress in Plants: Molecular Perspective 2159.3 Role of Oxygen in Abiotic Stress 2209.4 Role of Sulfur in Abiotic Stress 2239.5 Role of Nitrogen in Abiotic Stress 2249.6 Cross-Talk Between Oxygen, Sulfur, and Nitrogen During Abiotic Stress 2299.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective 230References 23210 Regulation of Plant Hormones Under Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants 243Prashant Kumar, Sumel Ashique, Nitish Kumar, Anjali Jain, Himanshu Sharma, Surya Nath Pandey and Anita Singh10.1 Introduction 24410.2 ABA’s Function in Plant Defense Mechanisms 24610.3 Hormonal Cross-Talk in Plant Defense 24910.4 Plant Morphology and Anatomy 25710.5 Photosynthesis 25710.6 Hormonal Balance 25810.7 Plants Under Abiotic Stress Benefit from Phytohormones Mediated by PGPR 25910.8 Changes in Phytohormone Activity Caused by PGPR Under Drought 26210.9 Future Prospects 26510.10 Conclusion 265Acknowledgments 266References 26611 Altering Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Barley for Crop Enhancement: Role of Novel ACT Domain Proteins 277Hamida Banoo, Nelofer Husain and Shashi Kant Singh11.1 Introduction 27811.2 Methods 28211.3 Results 28411.4 Discussion 29211.5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 294References 29412 Metabolites and Their Regulation During Salinity Stress in Plants 299Marykutty Sebastian, Kavya Bakka and Dinakar Challabathula12.1 Introduction 30012.2 Salt Stress Affects Plant Growth 30112.3 Chloride Ion Toxicity 30212.4 Na + Toxicity 30412.5 Salinity Stress–Induced Oxidative Stress 30612.6 Plant Responses Through Signaling and Metabolite Production 30712.7 Metabolites and Their Regulation 30912.8 Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 31012.9 Secondary Metabolites 32612.10 Nitrogen-Containing Metabolites 32712.11 Other Metabolites 32912.12 Metabolic Responses of Halophytes and Glycophytes During Salinity 33012.13 How Plants Adapt to Salt Stress? A Comparative Approach 33212.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 333Acknowledgments 334References 33413 Phenolic Compounds in Plants 349Ab Waheed Wani, Harjinder Kaur, Pallvi Verma, Sanjeev Kumar, Kondle Ravi, Anis Ahmad Mirza, Adil Rahim, Irfan Gani, Zarina and Saurabha Bhimrao Zimare13.1 Introduction 35013.2 Phenolic Acids 35113.3 Flavonoids 35513.4 Stilbenoids 36613.5 Lignans 36813.6 Conclusions and Further Research 371References 37214 Modulation of Metabolic Pathways Under Abiotic Stress in Plants 389Piyush Vatsha, Md Reyaz Alam, Ladli Kishore, Padma Charan Behera and Abhay Kumar Mishra14.1 Introduction 39014.2 Agriculture’s Vulnerability to Abiotic Stressors 39114.3 Adaptations of Plants Under Abiotic Stress 39114.4 Chemical Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic Stress 39314.5 Gene Modification in the Acetic Acid Pathway 40414.6 Tolerability to Abiotic Stress Caused by Salicylic Acid 40614.7 Modifying the Metabolism of Thiamine 40714.8 Abiotic Oxidative Stress Tolerance is Modulated by Hydrogen Peroxide Priming: Implications From ROS Scavenging and Detoxification 40814.9 Stress and Innate Immunity in the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 41114.10 Conclusion 417References 41815 Specific Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Stress Adaptation 425Oksana Sytar and Shokoofeh HajihashemiAbbreviations 42615.1 Introduction 42615.2 Use of Selected Plants as Potential Immunostimulants 42715.3 Plants and Plant-Derived Compounds With Immunomodulatory Potential 42915.4 Plant Secondary Metabolite: Description and Their Health Effects 44715.5 Plant Secondary Metabolites: Adaptative Potential 45115.6 Conclusion 452References 45316 Effect of Abiotic Stress on Terpene Biosynthesis in Plants 481Dwaipayan Sinha, Rameesha Abid, Wrick Chakraborty, Maliha Rashid, Laxmi Kumari Gupta, Bushra Khan, Paramita Nandy Datta, Sabahat Noor, Pomila, Shakira Ghazanfar, Upala Saha, Ratul Bhattacharya and Sanchita Seal16.1 Introduction 48216.2 Terpenes: An Introduction and Classification 48516.3 Biosynthesis of Terpenes 49616.4 Functions and Mechanisms of Terpenes During Abiotic Stress 50416.5 Conclusion 509References 51017 Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 525Tahoora Batool Zargar, Oqba Basal and Szilvia Veres17.1 Introduction 52617.2 Plant’s Responses to Abiotic Stress 52717.3 Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites 53217.4 Glutathione (GSH) 53217.5 Melatonin (MEL) 53317.6 Ascorbic Acid (AsA) 53917.7 Nitric Oxide (NO) 54017.8 Auxin 54117.9 24-Eppibrassinolide (EBL) 54217.10 Proline 54317.11 Market Development and Cost Analysis of Plant Metabolites 54517.12 Future Prospects 54617.13 Conclusion 547Acknowledgments 548References 54818 Genetic Engineering of Secondary Metabolic Pathways in Crops for Improving Abiotic Stress 559Suryakant Ranjan, Sana Bhat, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar18.1 Introduction 56018.2 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 56118.3 Abiotic Stress and Secondary Metabolites 56118.4 Genetic Engineering for Secondary Metabolite Production 56718.5 Genome Editing Techniques for Generating Abiotic Stress–Tolerant Crops by Targeting SM Biosynthesis 57618.6 Conclusion 578References 57919 Nanoelicitors Mediated Abiotic Stresses in Plant Defense Response Mechanisms: Current Review and Future Perspectives 591Somkuwar Subhash R., Jayant H. Meshram, D. P. Gogle, R. G. Chaudhary, R. H. Mahakhode, Vishal N. Patil, Rahul B. Kamble, R. C. Sawant, J. V. Gadpayale and Rupali R. Chaudhary19.1 Introduction 59219.2 Major Classes of Secondary Metabolites 59419.3 Nanomaterial as Elicitor 59519.4 The Use of NPs to Protect Plants From Abiotic Stress 59619.5 Nanoparticle Uptake, Translocation, and Internalization Pathways in Plants 59819.6 How Nanoelicitors Respond to Abiotic Stressors? 59919.7 The Way That NPs Signal Under Abiotic Stress Circumstances 60219.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 604References 61020 Light Signaling and Plant Secondary Metabolites 623Ganesh M. Nawkar, Tushar Khare, Vinay Kumar and Rahul Mahadev Shelake20.1 Introduction 62420.2 Photoregulation of PSMs 62520.3 Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Regulating High Light Stress 62920.4 Enhancing the PSM Production by Modulating the Light Environment 63020.5 Conclusion 633Acknowledgments 634References 634About the Editors 645Index 651