Physics, Volume 2

David Halliday was an American physicist known for his physics textbooks, Physics and Fundamentals of Physics, which he wrote with Robert Resnick. Both textbooks have been in continuous use since 1960 and are available in more than 47 languages. Robert Resnick was a physics educator and author of physics textbooks. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland on January 11, 1923 and graduated from the Baltimore City College high school in 1939. He received his B.A. in 1943 and his Ph.D. in 1949, both in physics from Johns Hopkins University.

• Chapter 25 Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law 56725-1 Electromagnetism: A Preview 56725-2 Electric Charge 56825-3 Conductors and Insulators 57125-4 Coulomb’s Law 57325-5 Continuous Charge Distributions 57625-6 Conservation of Charge 580Questions and Problems 581Chapter 26 The Electric Field 58726-1 What is a Field? 58726-2 The Electric Field 58826-3 The Electric Field of Point Charges 59026-4 Electric Field of Continuous Charge Distributions 59226-5 Electric Field Lines 59526-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 59726-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 60026-8 The Nuclear Model of the Atom (Optional) 602Questions and Problems 603Chapter 27 Gauss’ Law 61127-1 What is Gauss’ Law All About? 61127-2 The Flux of a Vector Field 61227-3 The Flux of the Electric Field 61327-4 Gauss’ Law 61627-5 Applications of Gauss’ Law 61727-6 Gauss’ Law and Conductors 62127-7 Experimental Tests of Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 624Questions and Problems 626Chapter 28 Electric Potential Energy and Potential 63528-1 Potential Energy 63528-2 Electric Potential Energy 63628-3 Electric Potential 63928-4 Calculating the Potential from the Field 64028-5 Potential Due to Point Charges 64128-6 Electric Potential of Continuous Charge Distributions 64428-7 Calculating the Field from the Potential 64628-8 Equipotential Surfaces 64828-9 The Potential of a Charged Conductor 64928-10 The Electrostatic Accelerator (Optional) 651Questions and Problems 652Chapter 29 The Electrical Properties of Materials 66129-1 Types of Materials 66129-2 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Static Conditions 66229-3 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Dynamic Conditions 66329-4 Ohmic Materials 66629-5 Ohm’s Law: A Microscopic View 66829-6 An Insulator in an Electric Field 670Questions and Problems 672Chapter 30 Capacitance 67930-1 Capacitors 67930-2 Capacitance 67930-3 Calculating the Capacitance 68130-4 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 68330-5 Energy Storage in an Electric Field 68530-6 Capacitor with Dielectric 687Questions and Problems 690Chapter 31 DC Circuits 70131-1 Electric Current 70131-2 Electromotive Force 70331-3 Analysis of Circuits 70431-4 Electric Fields in Circuits 70931-5 Resistors in Series and Parallel 71031-6 Energy Transfers in an Electric Circuit 71331-7 RC Circuits 713Questions and Problems 716Chapter 32 The Magnetic Field 72532-1 Magnetic Interactions and Magnetic Poles 72532-2 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 72732-3 Circulating Charges 73132-4 The Hall Effect 73432-5 The Magnetic Force on a Current- Carrying Wire 73632-6 The Torque on a Current Loop 738Questions and Problems 740Chapter 33 The Magnetic Field of a Current 74933-1 The Magnetic Field due to a Moving Charge 74933-2 The Magnetic Field of a Current 75233-3 Two Parallel Currents 75633-4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 75833-5 Ampère’s Law 76033-6 Electromagnetism and Frames of Reference (Optional) 764Questions and Problems 765Chapter 34 Faraday’s Law of Induction 77534-1 Faraday’s Experiments 77534-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction 77634-3 Lenz’ Law 77734-4 Motional emf 78034-5 Generators and Motors 78234-6 Induced Electric Fields 78334-7 Induction and Relative Motion (Optional) 786Questions and Problems 789Chapter 35 Magnetic Properties of Materials 80135-1 The Magnetic Dipole 80135-2 The Force on a Dipole in a Nonuniform Field 80435-3 Atomic and Nuclear Magnetism 80535-4 Magnetization 80735-5 Magnetic Materials 80835-6 The Magnetism of the Planets (Optional) 81135-7 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism 814Questions and Problems 816Chapter 36 Inductance 82336-1 Inductance 82336-2 Calculating the Inductance 82436-3 LR Circuits 82636-4 Energy Storage in a Magnetic Field 82736-5 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Qualitative 83036-6 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Quantitative 83236-7 Damped and Forced Oscillations 833Questions and Problems 836Chapter 37 Alternating Current Circuits 84537-1 Alternating Currents 84537-2 Three Separate Elements 84637-3 The Single Loop RLC Circuit 84837-4 Power in AC Circuits 85137-5 The Transformer (Optional) 852Questions and Problems 854Chapter 38 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 86138-1 The Basic Equations of Electromagnetism 86138-2 Induced Magnetic Fields and the Displacement Current 86238-3 Maxwell’s Equations 86438-4 Generating an Electromagnetic Wave 86638-5 Traveling Waves and Maxwell’s Equations 86838-6 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 87038-7 Radiation Pressure 872Questions and Problems 874Chapter 39 Light Waves 88339-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 88339-2 Visible Light 88639-3 The Speed of Light 88739-4 Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves 89039-5 Total Internal Reflection 89739-6 The Doppler Effect for Light 899Questions and Problems 902Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses 91340-1 Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses 91340-2 Plane Mirrors 91440-3 Spherical Mirrors 91740-4 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 92140-5 Thin Lenses 92340-6 Optical Instruments 928Questions and Problems 930Chapter 41 Interference 94141-1 Two-Source Interference 94141-2 Double-Slit Interference 94241-3 Coherence 94441-4 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 94641-5 Interference from Thin FIlms 94841-6 Michelson’s Interferometer 953Questions and Problems 955Chapter 42 Diffraction 96342-1 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light 96342-2 Single-Slit Diffraction 96542-3 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction 96742-4 Diffraction at a Circular Aperture 97042-5 Double-Slit Interference and Diffraction Combined 971Questions and Problems 975Chapter 43 Gratings and Spectra 98143-1 Multiple Slits 98143-2 Diffraction Gratings 98543-3 Dispersion and Resolving Power 98643-4 X-ray Diffraction 98843-5 Holography (Optional) 992Questions and Problems 994Chapter 44 Polarization 99944-1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 99944-2 Polarizing Sheets 100144-3 Polarization by Reflection 100344-4 Double Refraction 100444-5 Circular Polarization 100644-6 Polarization by Scattering 1008Questions and Problems 1010Chapter 45 The Nature of Light 101545-1 Introducing the Photon 101545-2 Thermal Radiation 101645-3 The Photoelectric Effect 101945-4 The Compton Effect 102145-5 The Photon Revealed 102345-6 Photons and Waves 102445-7 Slowing Down Atoms by Photon Bombardment 1026Questions and Problems 1028Chapter 46 The Nature of Matter 103546-1 Matter Waves 103546-2 Testing DeBroglie’s Hypothesis 103646-3 Waves and Particles 104146-4 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 104246-5 The Wave Function 104446-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 104546-7 Barrier Tunneling 1046Questions and Problems 1049Chapter 47 Electrons in Potential Wells 105547-1 Electrons, Free and Bound 105547-2 An Electron Trapped in a Potential Well 105547-3 An Electron Trapped in a Finite Well 106047-4 An Electron Trapped in an Atom 106247-5 The Ground State of the Hydrogen Atom 106547-6 Angular Momentum of Electrons in Atoms 106647-7 An Excited State of the Hydrogen Atom 106947-8 Counting the States of Hydrogen 1070Questions and Problems 1072Chapter 48 Atomic Structure 107948-1 The X-ray Spectrum of Atoms 107948-2 X Rays and the Numbering of the Elements 108148-3 Building Atoms 108248-4 The Periodic Table 108348-5 Atomic Magnetism 108648-6 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 108748-7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 108948-8 Magnetism and Atomic Radiations (Optional) 109048-9 Lasers and Laser Light 1092Questions and Problems 1096Chapter 49 Electrical Conduction in Solids 110349-1 Quantum Theory of Solids 110349-2 Conduction Electrons in a Metal 110449-3 Filling the Allowed States 110549-4 Electrical Conduction in Metals 110849-5 Bands and Gaps 110949-6 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 111149-7 Doped Semiconductors 111249-8 The pn Junction 111449-9 Optical Electronics 111749-10 The Transistor 111949-11 Superconductors 1120Questions and Problems 1122Chapter 50 Nuclear Physics 112950-1 Discovering the Nucleus 112950-2 Some Nuclear Properties 113150-3 Radioactive Decay 113550-4 Alpha Decay 113650-5 Beta Decay 113850-6 Measuring Ionizing Radiation 113950-7 Natural Radioactivity 114050-8 Nuclear Reactions 114150-9 Nuclear Models (Optional) 1143Questions and Problems 1145Chapter 51 Energy from the Nucleus 115351-1 The Atom and the Nucleus 115351-2 Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 115451-3 Theory of Nuclear Fission 115551-4 Nuclear Reactors: The Basic Principles 115751-5 A Natural Reactor 115951-6 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 116151-7 Thermonuclear Fusion in Stars 116251-8 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1164Questions and Problems 1167Chapter 52 Particle Physics and Cosmology 117352-1 Particle Interactions 117352-2 Families of Particles 117652-3 Conservation Laws 117952-4 The Quark Model 118152-5 The Big Bang Cosmology 118652-6 Nucleosysthesis 119052-7 The Age of the Universe 1192Questions and Problems 1194AppendicesA. The International System of Units (SI) A-1B. Fundamental Physcial Constants A-3C. Astronomical Data A-4D. Properties of the Elements A-6E. Periodic Table of the Elements A-9F. Elementary Particles A-10G. Conversion Factors A-12H. Vectors A-17I. Mathematical Formulas A-20J. Nobel Prizes in Physics A-22Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-26Photo Credits P-1Index I-1