Physical Activity Epidemiology

Rod K. Dishman, PhD, is a professor of exercise science, adjunct professor of psychology, and the director of the Exercise Psychology Laboratory at the University of Georgia at Athens. He is also adjunct professor in the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina at Columbia. Dr. Dishman is a reviewer for more than 50 journals, including Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and American Journal of Public Health. He has served on editorial boards of numerous journals in preventive medicine and public health, such as Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, and Health Psychology and as an exercise consultant to public health agencies in the United States, Canada, and Europe. He has published approximately 150 peer-reviewed articles and written or edited several books related to physical activity and health. Dr. Dishman is an American College of Sports Medicine fellow, where he has served as a member of the Research Advisory Committee and the Board of Trustees. He was a member of the jury for selection of the Olympic Prize in Sport Sciences awarded by the International Olympic Committee's Medical Commission and served on the scientific advisory committee for the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. He resides in Athens, Georgia. Gregory Heath, DHSc, MPH, has been contributing to the field of exercise science and health promotion for over 25 years. Dr. Heath is Guerry professor and head of the department of health and human performance at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Previously, he worked at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as lead health scientist in the Physical Activity and Health Branch. He has extensive experience in conducting studies and data analyses in the areas of physical activity epidemiology and public health practice. Dr. Heath is a fellow in the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine. He earned his doctor of health science degree in applied physiology and nutrition and his master's of public health in epidemiology from Loma Linda University. I-Min Lee, MBBS, MPH, ScD, is an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, an associate professor of epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health, and associate epidemiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. Her main research interest is in the role of physical activity in promoting health and preventing chronic disease. This extends to characteristics associated with a physically active way of life, such as maintenance of ideal body weight. She also is concerned with issues relating to women's health. Lee has published more than 190 peer-reviewed articles and is a frequent invited presenter, teacher, and speaker at local, national, and international levels. A reviewer for 30 journals, including Lancet and New England Journal of Medicine, Lee also serves on the editorial board for Harvard Women's Health Watch, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, and the Brazilian Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Lee is an elected member of the American Epidemiological Society and a member of the Society for Epidemiologic Research, the American Heart Association, and the International Society for Physical Activity and Health. She is a member and fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and has served on the ACSM's Research Advisory Committee and Board of Trustees. Dr. Lee also served on the scientific advisory committee for the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Lee is the recipient of numerous awards and recognitions, in particular the Young Epidemiologist Award from the Royal Society of Medicine in the United Kingdom (1999); the William G. Anderson Award from the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (2007); the Charles C. Shepard Award from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009); and the ACSM's Citation Award (2011). Lee resides in Brookline, Massachusetts.

• Part I. Introduction to physical Activity EpidemiologyChapter 1. Origins of Physical Activity Epidemiology Ancient History of Physical Activity and Health Modern History of Physical Activity and Health Physical Activity for Health Promotion in the United States and the World Summary Bibliography Chapter 2. Concepts and Methods in Physical Activity Epidemiology Epidemiologic Measures Crude, Specific, and Standardized Rates Research Design in Epidemiologic Studies Evaluating Associations in Epidemiologic Studies Models in Physical Activity Epidemiology Inferring Cause in Epidemiologic Studies Criteria for Causation Summary Bibliography Chapter 3. Measurement and Surveillance of Physical Activity and Fitness Why Is Behavioral Epidemiology Important? What Is Physical Activity? Measures of Physical Activity What Is Physical Fitness? Surveys and Surveillance of Physical Activity Summary Bibliography Part II. Physical Activity and Disease MortalityChapter 4. All-Cause Mortality Life Expectancy at Birth Major Causes of Mortality Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality Sedentary Behavior and All-Cause Mortality Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality Changes in Physical Activity or Fitness and All-Cause Mortality Are the Associations Real? Strength of the Evidence How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Risk of Premature Mortality? Summary Bibliography Chapter 5. Coronary Heart Disease History and Magnitude of the Problem Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors Coronary Heart Disease Etiology Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease Sedentary Behavior and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Individuals With Other Risk Factors or Existing Coronary Heart Disease Physical Inactivity Compared With Other Risk Factors Are the Associations Real? Strength of the Evidence How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Coronary Heart Disease Risk? Summary Bibliography Chapter 6. Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke Magnitude of the Problem Risk Factors for Stroke Etiology of Stroke Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Part III. Physical Activity and Risk FactorsChapter 7. Physical Activity and Hypertension Magnitude of the Problem Treating Hypertension Hypertension Etiology Autonomic Nervous System Physical Activity and Reduced Hypertension Risk: The Evidence Physical Activity and Treatment of Hypertension: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 8. Physical Activity and Dyslipidemia Magnitude of the Problem Drug Treatment Dyslipidemia Etiology and Physical Activity Physical Activity and Lipoprotein Levels: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 9. Physical Activity and Obesity Magnitude of the Problem Treatment of Overweight and Obesity Assessing and Defining Overweight and Obesity Etiology of Overweight and Obesity: Set Point or Settling Point? Physical Activity and Fitness and the Health Risks of Obesity: The Evidence Physical Activity and Prevention of Excess Weight Gain: The Evidence Physical Activity and Weight Loss: The Evidence Physical Activity and Weight Maintenance: The Evidence The Ultimate Goal: Weight Loss or Risk Reduction? Summary Bibliography Part IV. Physical Activity and Chronic DiseasesChapter 10. Physical Activity and Diabetes Magnitude of the Problem Demographics of Diabetes Clinical Features Health Burden of Diabetes Risk Factors Insulin and Glucose Transport Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Effects of Physical Activity on Diabetes Risk: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 11. Physical Activity and Osteoporosis Magnitude of the Problem Fractures and Mortality Etiology of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis Risk Factors and Prevention Bone Measurement Techniques Physical Activity and Osteoporosis: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Part V. Physical Activity, Cancer, and ImmunityChapter 12. Physical Activity and Cancer Magnitude of the Problem Etiology of Cancer Risk Factors Population Studies of Physical Activity: Specificity of Protection? Colon and Rectal Cancer Breast Cancer Other Cancers Physical Activity and Cancer Survivors Summary Bibliography Chapter 13. Physical Activity and the Immune System An Abridged History of Immunology HIV and AIDS The Immune System Immunomodulation by the Nervous and Endocrine System Physical Activity and Immunity: The Evidence Mechanisms of Alterations in Monocytes, Granulocytes, and Natural Killer Cells After Acute Exercise Exercise and Cytokines Summary Bibliography Part VI. Physical Activity and Special ConcernsChapter 14. Physical Activity and Mental Health Depression Magnitude of the Problem Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Etiology of Depression Brain Neurobiology in Depression Treatment of Depression Physical Activity and Depression: The Evidence Anxiety Disorders Magnitude of the Problem Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Brain Neurobiology in Anxiety Disorders Treatment of Anxiety Disorders Physical Activity and Anxiety: The Evidence Cognitive Function and Dementia Physical Activity and Cognitive Function: The Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 15. Physical Activity and Special Populations Physical Activity Among Diverse Racial–Ethnic Populations Physical Activity and Disability Inactivity and Aging Physical Activity and Long-Term Health Amoung People With Disabilities Role of Physical Activity in the Prevention of Secondary Complications Summary Bibliography Chapter 16. Adverse Events and Hazards of Physical Activity Magnitude of the Problem Evaluating Risk Methods of Research Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death Joint and Muscle Injury Injury Features Risk of Physical Activity Injuries: The Evidence Other Medical Hazards Psychological Hazards Summary Bibliography Chapter 17. Adopting and Maintaining a Physically Active Lifestyle Individual Barriers to Physical Activity How Do People Decide to Be Active? Environmental Barriers to Physical Activity Genetics of Physical Activity Environmental Intervention and Self-Regulation Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions Interventions to Increase Physical Activity Mediators and Moderators of Physical Activity Change and Interventions Features of Physical Activity That Promote Adoption and Maintenance Summary Bibliography