Phonetic Science for Clinical Practice

Kathy J. Jakielski, PhD, CCC-SLP, ASHA Fellow, is Professor Emerita in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois. With phonetic science undergirding all her work, she has over 40 years of clinical experience working with children, adolescents, and young adults with severe speech impairment, and over 30 years of research experience in genetic bases, differential diagnosis, and intervention efficacy on children with speech sound disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech. Most importantly, she taught an introduction to phonetics course to undergraduate students continuously for over 25 years. After retiring from academia in the summer of 2022, she and her husband moved to Cambodia to work as full-time volunteers for several non-governmental organizations. Always the phonetics student, she now spends her free time trying to accurately transcribe, understand, and speak Khmer. **** Christina E. Gildersleeve-Neumann, PhD, CCC-SLP, ASHA Fellow, is Professor and Department Chair in the Speech and Hearing Sciences Department at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. She first fell in love with phonetics when she was an undergraduate majoring in German, discovering how a set of symbols could capture the spoken similarities and differences between the many languages she was dabbling in then. This fascination with sound carried her through a first career in international education, later becoming her focus as a graduate student discovering the field of communication sciences and disorders. She has now spent 27 years as a speech-language pathologist and 23 years as a professor, focusing her research, clinical, and academic expertise on speech sound development and disorders in monolingual and bilingual children. The first class she ever taught was phonetics, and it remains her favorite to this day.

• ForewordPrefaceHow to Use This BookChapter 1Introduction to Phonetic ScienceThe Study of Speech: Phonetics and PhonologyThe Sounds of Speech: Phonemes, Phones, and AllophonesThe Written Representation of Speech: Orthographic and Phonetic SymbolsOrthographic Symbols: The Latin AlphabetPhonetic Symbols: The International Phonetic AlphabetThe Registers of SpeechSeeing Letters, but Hearing SoundsThe Phonotactic Structure of SpeechConsonants and Vowels by PositionContrastive, Linguistic, and Grammatical StressSetting Yourself Up for Success: A Phonetic Transcription Readiness QuizPutting It All TogetherReferencesInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesOnline ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 2Articulatory Phonetics of ConsonantsConsonants in American EnglishAnatomical Processes of the Speech SystemRespiratory ProcessPhonatory ProcessResonatory ProcessOro-Nasal ProcessArticulatory ProcessSonorant and Obstruent SoundsCognatesConsonant Place Classes in American EnglishBilabialLabiodentalInterdentalAlveolarPost-AlveolarAlveopalatalPalatalVelarGlottalSummary of Articulatory PlaceConsonant Manner Classes in American EnglishStopsNasalsGlidesFricativesAffricatesLiquidsSummary of Articulatory MannerPutting It All TogetherDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 3Articulatory Phonetics of VowelsIntroduction to VowelsEnglish Vowels: Sounds Versus SpellingConsonants Versus VowelsSimilarities and Differences in the Use of the Vocal Tract for Consonants and VowelsVisualizing Place of Articulation: The Vowel QuadrilateralTypes of English VowelsMonophthong Vowels: Steady-State ProductionDiphthong Vowels: Dynamic MovementRhotic Vowels: Static Versus Dynamic Movement Involving R-ColoringsArticulatory Dimension of VowelsTongue HeightTongue AdvancementLip RoundingTensenessDiphthong and Triphthong Vowel CategoriesRhotic Vowels: Monophthongs, Diphthongs, and TriphthongsDescription of English Vowel Phonemes: Monophthongs and DiphthongsMonophthong Vowels: Articulation, Phonetic Symbols, and Key WordsPhonemic DiphthongsRhotic Vowels: Articulation, Phonetic Symbols, and Key WordsSummaryPutting It All TogetherInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesOnline ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 4Broad and Narrow Phonetic TranscriptionPhonetic Transcription: Approaches, Types, and Systems of RepresentationApproaches to Phonetic TranscriptionTypes of Phonetic TranscriptionSystems of Phonetic RepresentationBroad Segmental Phonetic TranscriptionStrategies to EmployErrors to AvoidNarrow Segmental Phonetic TranscriptionTwo Frequently Produced Consonant AllophonesIntroduction to Diacritical MarksDiacritical Marks Applied to ConsonantsDiacritical Marks Applied to VowelsSuprasegmental Diacritical MarksDiacritical Marks for StressDiacritical Marks for Clinical PopulationsAirstream Mechanism Diacritic for Disordered SpeechPrimary Place of Articulation Diacritics for Disordered SpeechSecondary Place of Articulation Diacritics for Disordered SpeechManner of Articulation Diacritics for Disordered SpeechPutting It All TogetherSummaryInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesOnline ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 5Suprasegmental Features of SpeechVerbal CommunicationStressIntonationProsodyPutting It All TogetherReferencesInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesOnline ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 6Acoustic PhoneticsAcoustic Phonetics and Clinical ScientistsAcousticsWave MotionSound Wave PropagationSound Waves and Vocal Fold VibrationWaveformsDetermining Fundamental Frequency on a WaveformFourier AnalysisIdentifying Types of Sounds on a WaveformSpectrum of a Sound WaveSource-Filter TheoryVowel DifferencesSpectrogramsVowel IdentityIdentifying ConsonantsIdentifying Words and PhrasesTypes of Spectrographic AnalysisPutting It All TogetherReferencesInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesOnline ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 7Linguistic Phonetics and Phonology of ConsonantsPhonetics and PhonologySpeech as a Connected UnitDetermining the Status of Speech Sounds in a LanguageSyllabicityThe Components of SyllablesPatterns for Allophones in Consonant Coarticulation in Typical SpeechStopsFricativesAffricatesNasalsApproximantsDevelopmental Error Patterns Affecting ConsonantsTranscribing Typically-Developing SpeechError Patterns in Consonant Coarticulation in Disordered SpeechCases in Pediatric Speech Sound DisordersPutting It All TogetherInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesOnline ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 8Linguistic Phonetics and Phonology of VowelsVowel Phonological PatternsVowel Allophones in Multisyllabic WordsStressed Versus Unstressed SyllablesNonphonemic DiphthongsTense Versus Lax VowelsPhonological Patterns for VowelsVowel LengthVowel Reduction in Unstressed SyllablesVoiceless VowelsVowel NasalizationVowel RetractionRhotic Versus Nonrhotic Dialects of EnglishDevelopmental Error Patterns Affecting VowelsPutting It All TogetherInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyChapter 9Beyond General American English: Speech Possibilities Within and Across LanguagesSpeech PossibilitiesThe World's Languages and Speakers of ThemDialect Versus LanguageEnglishBilingualismSpeech Sounds Across LanguagesConsonantsSummary of Consonant PossibilitiesVowelsTongue Height, Advancement, Tenseness, and RoundingSyllable-Level DifferencesLanguage ComplexityPutting It All TogetherReferencesInterest Piqued?Print ResourcesOnline ResourcesDid You Get It? Answer KeyGlossaryMnemonic FlashcardsIndex