Pediatric Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System and Their Mimics

Emmanuelle Waubant, MD, PhDProfessor of Neurology and PediatricsUniversity of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA Timothy E. Lotze, MDAssociate Professor of Child NeurologyDepartment of Pediatrics; Division of Neurology and Developmental NeuroscienceBaylor College of Medicine / Texas Children’s Hospital    Houston, TX, USA

• SECTION I: Diseases that Affect the Brain.- 1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis.- 2. Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy mimicking ADEM.- 3. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Manifesting with Primary Psychiatric Symptoms.- 4. Multiple Sclerosis in the Extremely Young.- 5. Breakthrough Disease in Pediatric MS.- 6. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder with Neuropsychiatric Presentation.- 7. Pediatric Tumefactive Demyelination.- 8. Radiologically Isolated Syndrome.- 9. Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Limbic Encephalitis.- 10. Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibody Encephalitis.- 11. Pediatric Central Nervous System Vasculitis.- 12. Neuroinflammatory disease in association with Morphea (Localized Scleroderma).- 13. Susac’s Syndrome.- 14. Infectious Mimics of Multiple Sclerosis.- 15. Central nervous system lymphoma.- 16. Methotrexate Toxicity.- 17. Alexander Disease Type II.- 18. Neurodegenerative Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis.- 19. X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.- 20. Rapid-onset Obesity withHypothalamic dysfunction, Hypoventilation and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD).- 21. ADEM Mimic with Thiamine Transporter Deficiency.- SECTION II: Diseases that Affect the Brainstem.- 22. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis-Brainstem and Cerebellar Presentation.- 23. Multiple Sclerosis with Brainstem Presentation.- 24. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder with Brainstem Presentation.- 25. Infection mimics with brainstem presentation.- 26. Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids.- SECTION III: Diseases that Affect the Spinal Cord.- 27. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis with Spinal Cord Presentation.- 28. Post-Infectious Acute Transverse Myelitis.- 29. Complete transverse myelitis (idiopathic).- 30. Transverse Myelitis with Acute Inflammatory Polyradiculoneuropathy.- 31. Acute Flaccid Myelitis.- 32. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease with transverse myelitis presentation.- 33. Transverse myelitis in lupus.- 34.Acute Demyelination associated with TNF alpha- inhibiting biologic therapy.- 35. Myelopathy due to occult trauma mimicking transverse myelitis.- 36. Hypomyelination with Brainstem and Spinal Cord Abnormalities and Leg Spasticity (HBSL).- SECTION IV: Diseases That Affect the Optic Nerve.- 37. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by recurrent or monophasic optic neuritis.- 38. Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy (CRION).- 39. Optic Neuritis as the Presenting Symptom for MS.- 40. Steroid Dependent Recurrent Optic Neuritis in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis.- 41. Neuromyelitis optica presenting with bilateral optic neuritis.- 42. Sarcoidosis with Optic Nerve Presentation.