Peace and Conflict Studies

David P. Barash (PhD, University of Wisconsin) is a professor of psychology emeritus at the University of Washington. His studies span animal behavior, evolution, and social psychology, with concentrations in sociobiology, psychological aspects of the arms race and nuclear war, and peace studies. A prolific author and researcher, he has written more than 270 technical articles and 40 books ranging from monographs to college textbooks to popular trade titles. His book Introduction to Peace Studies (1991) was the first comprehensive undergraduate textbook in the field of Peace Studies. His book Threats: Intimidation and its Discontents (2020, Oxford University Press), is especially concerned with debunking nuclear deterrence.Charles P. Webel (PhD, University of California, Berkeley) is presently a professor of international relations and philosophy at the University of New York in Prague. He previously held the Delp- Wilkinson Chair in Peace Studies at Chapman University. A five-time Fulbright Scholar and graduate of the Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California, he has conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard University, the Max Planck Institute, and the Universities of Paris, Frankfurt, and Heidelberg. He has also taught in the Peace and Conflict Studies Program at Berkeley, the Honors College of University of South Florida, and at Harvard College. He is the author or editor of many articles and nine books, including the forthcoming The Fate of this World and the Future of Humanity.

• Part I • The Promise of Peace, the Problems of WarChapter 1 • The Meanings of PeaceThe Meanings of PeacePositive and Negative PeaceMeasuring PeaceThe Global Peace IndexCulture of PeaceA Final Note on the Meanings of PeaceQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 2 • Peace Studies, Peace Education, and Peace ResearchPeace Studies, War Studies, and Peace and Conflict StudiesPeace EducationThe Dimensions of Peace and Conflict StudiesPCS TodaySome Contributions of PCSThe Future of PCSA Final Note on Peace and Conflict Studies, Education, and ResearchQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingScholarly JournalsNotesChapter 3 • The Meaning of WarDefining WarThe Frequency and Intensity of WarsHistorical Trends in WarModern WeaponryCutting-Edge Military TechnologiesHas Technology Made War Obsolete?Wars, Empires, Colonialism, and National LiberationThe Desirability of Peace Versus Justifications for WarsSocial Justice and WarPolitical Ideologies and MilitarismIs War Inevitable?Can Nations Change?The Nature and Functions of ConflictA Final Note on WarQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 4 • Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A War Without End?What Is Terrorism? Who Are Terrorists?A Brief History of Terrorism: From Above and From BelowTerrorism and the Middle EastDivisions Within IslamThe Official Terrorism IndustryThe Global War on TerrorismThe Victims and Perpetrators of Global Terrorism and CounterterrorismA Final Note on TerrorismQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 5 • Nuclear WeaponsThe Nature of Nuclear WeaponsDelivery SystemsStrategic Doctrine: DeterrenceHow a Nuclear War Could StartNuclear ProliferationSome New WorriesSome Good NewsWhat Might Be DoneA Final Note on Nuclear WeaponsQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesPart II • The Causes of WarsChapter 6 • The Individual LevelAggression, Drives, and InstinctsSociobiology and Evolutionary PsychologyFreudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic PerspectivesInnate Depravity?Social Learning TheoriesGender, War, and PeacePrejudice, Images of the Enemy, and Human NeedsAttributions and ProjectionDehumanization, Altruism, and ReconciliationThe Attractions of WarInhibitions Against WarSome Issues in Nuclear PsychologyA Final Note on Individual-Level Explanations of WarsQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 7 • The Group LevelWar: Its Early HistoryFunctions of Nontechnological WarsCharacteristics of Premodern WarsAlternatives to Traditional, Premodern WarfareUnderlying Group ProcessesBrief Conclusion on Premodern and Nontechnological WarfareNations, States, Ethnic Groups, and NationalismA Brief History of Nationalist WarsTypes of Nationalist WarsNationalist Threats to StatesRacial and Cultural IntoleranceNationalism and the Public MoodNationalism and Political Ideology 186 World War I: Ideology Loses to NationalismThe Question of “National Character”A Final Note on Nationalism and EthnocentrismQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 8 • The State LevelDefining the StateState SovereigntyThe State SystemAlliances Between StatesRealpolitik and Raisons d’ÉtatInternal CohesionArms RacesA Final Note on War and StatesQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 9 • The Decision-Making LevelThe Role of LeadersCrisis Decision MakingSome Issues Regarding Perception and CognitionA Final Note on Decision MakingQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 10 • The Ideological, Social, and Economic LevelsConflicting IdeologiesPopulation Pressure and Other Social StressesPoverty as a Cause of WarImperialismThe Military-Industrial ComplexThe Economic Effects of WarsThe Effects of Military SpendingCultural Conflicts and the “Clash of Civilizations”A Final Note on the Complex Causes of WarQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesPart III • Building “Negative Peace”Chapter 11 • Peace MovementsPopular Attitudes Toward PeaceAttention, Success, and FailureHistorical and Current Perceptions of WarHistory and Taxonomy of Peace MovementsInterconnections Between Peace and Other Social MovementsSome Internal Debates Within Peace MovementsSome Criticisms of Peace MovementsMaintaining the Momentum of Peace MovementsA Final Note on Peace MovementsQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 12 • Diplomacy, Negotiations, and Conflict ResolutionConflict: A Brief OverviewSummitryA Brief History of DiplomacyDiplomacy and Military ForceDiplomacy and RealpolitikTrack II DiplomacyThird-Party InvolvementNegotiating Techniques for Resolving ConflictMethods of Integrative BargainingAdditional Negotiating TechniquesA Final Note on Conflict ResolutionQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 13 • Disarmament and Arms ControlDifferent Visions of DisarmamentA Brief History of DisarmamentSome Current AgreementsThe Nuclear Non-Proliferation TreatyFuture ProspectsSome Conventional Arms-Control EffortsPitfalls of Arms Control AgreementsBenefits and Methods of Achieving Arms Control AgreementsEconomic ConversionA Final Note on Disarmament and Arms ControlQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 14 • International CooperationThe United NationsLimitations on the UN’s Use of ForceOther Functions of the United NationsFunctionalismRegional OrganizationsIntergovernmental OrganizationsWorld Government?A Brief History of Plans for World GovernmentPros and Cons of World GovernmentThe Dream of World Government: A Waste of Time?The Prospects for World GovernmentThe Uniting of the United States of America: A Rehearsal for a Global Federal System?Trans-Governmental MovementsA Final Note on International CooperationQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 15 • Peace Through Strength?Balance of PowerProblems With Balance of PowerHegemonic US?Collective SecurityNational Security via Military ForceAppeasement, Provocation, and DeterrenceThe Prisoner’s DilemmaSanctionsNonprovocative DefenseA Final Note on Peace Through StrengthQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 16 • International LawThe Sources of International LawEnforcement of International LawThe Conflict Between International Law and State SovereigntyHidden Strengths of International LawThe Laws of WarA Final Note on International LawQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 17 • Ethical and Religious PerspectivesA Two-Sided View of KillingEthicsReligious Attitudes Toward WarChristian “Realism”Religious PacifismNuclear EthicsA Final Note on Ethics and ReligionQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesPart IV • Building "Positive Peace"Chapter 18 • Human RightsA Brief History of Human RightsWomen’s RightsSome Human Rights ControversiesRefugeesLGBT RightsThe Legal Status of Human RightsHuman Rights and the Nation-StateHuman Rights and PeaceCompeting Conceptions of Human RightsThe Responsibility to ProtectHuman Rights Violations Under Authoritarian RegimesPromoting Human RightsA Final Note on Human RightsQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 19 • Environmental Well-BeingEnhanced Environmental AwarenessThe Environment and National SecurityThe Tragedy of the CommonsSome Major Environmental ProblemsSome Environmental PrinciplesEnvironmental ActivismStruggling for SustainabilityResource WarsEnvironmental EthicsA Final Note on Ecological Well-BeingQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 20 • The Climate CrisisCauses of Global Climate ChangeSome Skeptical Questions Regarding Climate Science and Some Replies to ThemIndirect Consequences of Global HeatingWhat Can We Expect in the Future?Obstacles to ActionProspects for ProgressTechnology to the Rescue?A Final Note on the Climate CrisisQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingClimate Change WebsitesChapter 21 • Economic Well-BeingThe Problem of PovertySocioeconomic DevelopmentEthics, Equity, and a Bit of HistoryHungerMeasuring Wealth, Poverty, and Income InequalityPopulationThe Demographic-Economic-Environmental TrapFuture DirectionsThe Case of Costa RicaA Final Note on Economic Well-BeingQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 22 • DemocracyWhat Is Democracy?A Brief Modern History of DemocratizationThe Arab Spring: A “Fifth Wave” That Largely FailedThe Occupy MovementThe Democracy “Recession”Democracies and WarsCan Democracy Be Exported? Should It Be?A Final Note on Movements Toward DemocracyQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 23 • National ReconciliationAltruism, Aggression, and Reconciliation in Nonhuman PrimatesTruth and Reconciliation CommissionsThe Opposite of ReconciliationTRC Downsides and CaveatsA Final Note on National ReconciliationQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 24 • NonviolenceWhat Is Nonviolence?ViolenceNonviolent Peace Theorists and TheoriesMohandas K. GandhiGandhian Nonviolence in Theory and PracticeMartin Luther King Jr. and the US Civil Rights MovementSome Nonviolent SuccessesCivilian-Based DefenseDoes Nonviolence “Work”? If So, Why?Prospects for NonviolenceA Final Note on NonviolenceQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotesChapter 25 • The Coronavirus Pandemic: Catastrophe, Wake-Up Call, or Both?A Bit of HistorySocioeconomic InequalityLocal and Domestic ConsequencesPossible Origins of the Pandemic and Human/Animal InterdependencyMore Cooperation or Less?Altered Political Realities, for Better and WorseScience and Public HealthA Final Note on the Coronavirus PandemicQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingCoronavirus WebsitesChapter 26 • The Personal and the PoliticalTransformations of Self and SocietyToward the FutureA Final Note on Transformation and the FutureQuestions for Further ReflectionSuggestions for Further ReadingNotes