Packaging Technology and Engineering

Dipak Kumar Sarker is Principal Lecturer in Physical Sciences and Manufacturing Technology at the School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, UK.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xvAbout the Author xviiPreface xixSection I Scientific and Technological Background to Materials 11 Historical Perspective and Evolution 31.1 Introduction 31.1.1 The Chronology of Packaging Development 31.1.2 The Origins of Commercial Packaging 61.1.3 Closures, Films, and Plastics 61.1.4 Major Types of Packaging 71.2 Survey of Packaging Use 91.2.1 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Packaging 131.2.2 Types of Packaging: An Overview and the Basics 141.2.2.1 The Meaning of Symbols on Packaging 161.2.2.2 Glass Packaging 171.2.2.3 Metal Packaging 181.2.2.4 Paper and Cardboard Packaging 191.2.2.5 Wooden Packaging 201.2.2.6 Plastic Packaging 201.2.2.7 Composite Packaging 221.2.2.8 Novel Materials: Bioplastics and Oxo-Degradable Polymers 22References 242 Chemical Engineering of Packaging Materials 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Building Blocks, Extraction, and Raw Materials 302.3 Industrial Processes, Wood-Pulping, Processing, and Smelting 332.3.1 Refining Ores 332.3.2 Forming and Sheet-Making 352.4 Making Glass 36References 413 Material Science and Chemistry 433.1 Introduction 443.2 Glasses 443.3 Metallic Materials 483.3.1 Aluminium, Tinplate, Steel, and Brass 493.4 Polymeric Materials 563.4.1 Polyolefins, Cellulosics, and Polyisoprenes 643.4.2 Thermosets and Thermoforming Plastics 683.4.3 Laminates 743.4.4 Expanded Materials 793.4.5 Paper and Paperboard 803.5 Colorants, Opacifiers, and Colouring 843.5.1 Coal Tar Dyes, Lakes, and Pigments 903.6 Plasticisers and Other Additives 923.6.1 Anti-Oxidants and Preservatives 983.6.2 Oxidations by Numerous Processes 983.7 Barriers, Barrier Properties, and Product Modification 1053.7.1 Resistant Coatings 1053.7.2 Ageing and Degradation 1093.7.3 Chemical Breach and Leaching 1123.7.4 Water and Gas Penetration 1143.8 Estimating the Shelf Life of Packaging 1263.9 Chemical Testing 1343.10 Contemporary Issues and Controversies with Modern Packaging Materials 138References 1514 The Physics of Packaging Materials 1614.1 Introduction 1614.2 Characterisation of Packaging Substrates 1654.2.1 Surface and Structural Morphology 1674.2.1.1 Printing 1754.2.2 Wettability, Polymorphism, Crystallinity and Crystallites, Melting, and Phase Behaviour 1794.2.3 Toughness, Tensile Strength, and Young’s Modulus 1854.2.4 Brittleness, Hardness, and the Mohs Scale 1874.2.5 Puncture Resistance and Slip 1894.3 Test Methods 190References 1935 Engineering of the Product: Design, Formation, and Machining 1975.1 Introduction 1975.2 Fourdrinier Processing and Paper-Making 1995.3 Sheeting, Injection Moulding, Thermoforming, Welding, Extrusion, Plasma Treatment, Annealing, and Curing 2145.3.1 Bodies and Closures 2215.3.2 Seals, Bungs, and the Septum 2255.4 Classification of Moulded Packaging Forms 2265.4.1 Bottles 2295.4.2 Dosators 2305.4.3 Pouches, Trays, Wallets, and Cartons 230References 232Section II Application and Processing 2396 Packaging for Various Applications 2416.1 Introduction 2426.2 Hermetically Sealed Containers and Developments 2486.2.1 The Tin-Plated Steel Can 2516.2.1.1 Cans 2546.2.2 Napoleon and Nicolas Appert: ‘The Father of Canning’ 2566.3 Modern Sterilisation and Pasteurisation Procedures and the Effects of Chemistry, Temperature, Pressure, and Irradiation on the Product and Pack 2646.3.1 Retorting and High-Pressure Steam 2836.3.2 Radappertisation, Radurisation, and Radicisation 2896.3.3 Ethylene Oxide 2946.3.4 Hyperbaric Treatment 2956.3.5 Sterilised Pouches and the Tetra Pak® 2976.4 Metered Therapeutic Dose Devices 2996.5 Heat-Sealed Goods and Modified Atmosphere 3006.6 Childproof and Easy-Open Packaging 3086.7 Multi-Dose Pharmaceutical Bottles 310References 3107 Food, Pharmaceutical, and Medical Packaging 3177.1 Introduction 3177.2 Food Packaging 3207.2.1 Restrictions and Key Criteria Relevant to Foods and Beverages 3277.3 Pharmaceutical Packaging 3327.3.1 Restrictions and Key Criteria Relevant to Therapeutics 3407.4 Medical Device Packaging 3477.4.1 Restrictions and Key Criteria Relevant to Devices 354References 359Section III Quality, Integrity, and Traceability 3678 Suppliers and Manufacturers of Packaging 3698.1 Introduction 3708.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainability 3708.3 Recycling and After-Use 3738.4 Tracing, Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, and Anti-Fraud Devices 3888.4.1 Chemical Watermarks 3918.4.2 Radiofrequency Identification and Tracking 3938.4.3 Barcoding, Overt, and Covert Identifiers 3948.4.4 History and Environmental Logging 3998.4.4.1 Intelligent Packaging 4048.5 Accelerated Testing 4178.6 The Distribution Chain and Transport Logistics 4318.7 Packaging Regulations and Guidelines 4368.7.1 Labelling and Information 4388.8 Safety, Health, and Practicality 4428.8.1 New Trends and Opportunities 4448.8.2 The Future 456References 464Section IV Revision and Information 475Problems: Questions, Calculations, Estimates, and Dilemmas 477Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 477Short Answer Questions (SAQs);Worth 4 Marks 486Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQs);Worth 2 Marks 487Calculation Questions;Worth 20–30 Marks 488Calculation Questions;Worth 5 Marks 490Answers to Problems 490References 497Appendices, Glossary of Terms, and Abbreviations 499Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 499Periodic Table of Chemical Elements and Fundamental Chemistry 501Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations 504Scientific and Engineering Symbols 505Unit Prefixes 508Index 509