Our Energy Future

Resources, Alternatives and the Environment

Inbunden, Engelska, 2016

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Presents an overview on the different aspects of the energy value chain and discusses the issues that future energy is facingThis book covers energy and the energy policy choices which face society. The book presents easy-to-grasp information and analysis, and includes statistical data for energy production, consumption and simple formulas. Among the aspects considered are: science, technology, economics and the impact on health and the environment. In this new edition two new chapters have been added: The first new chapter deals with unconventional fossil fuels, a resource which has become very important from the economical point of view, especially in the United States. The second new chapter presents the applications of nanotechnology in the energy domain. Provides a global vision of available and potential energy sourcesDiscusses advantages and drawbacks to help prepare current and future generations to use energy differentlyIncludes new chapters covering unconventional fossil fuels and nanotechnology as new energyOur Energy Future: Resources, Alternatives and the Environment, Second Edition, is written for professionals, students, teachers, decision-makers and politicians involved in the energy domain and interested in environmental issues.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2016-04-26
Mått163 x 241 x 33 mm
Vikt848 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor536
Upplaga2
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119213369

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Christian Ngô, ScD, was formerly executive general manager of ECRIN (Échange et Coordination Recherche-Industrie) and scientific director of the Atomic Energy's High Commissioner Office. In 2008, he founded Edmonium Conseil, a consulting company. He has worked in fundamental research for twenty years, and has published approximately 200 papers. Dr. Ngô is the author of ten books in French and has been involved as an energy expert in several studies of the OPECST (Parliamentary Office for Evaluation of Scientific and Technological Options), a common committee of the French Parliament and Senate.Joseph B. Natowitz, PhD, is currently University Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Texas A&M University (TAMU). Previously at TAMU, he served as head of the Department of Chemistry and Director of the Cyclotron Institute and held the Bright Chair in Nuclear Science. Among his awards and honors are the American Chemical Society Award in Nuclear Chemistry, the ACS Southwest Regional Award, and the Association of Former Students Research Award at TAMU. Professor Natowitz has served and continues to serve on the program advisory and/or review committees of many national and international research facilities as well as on Advisory Committees for a number of international conferences. Professor Natowitz has published more than 300 research papers.

Preface to the Second Edition xiiiPreface to the First Edition xv1. We Need Energy 11.1. Generalities 11.1.1. Primary and Secondary Energy 11.1.2. Energy Units 31.1.3. Power 51.1.4. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics 51.1.5. Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics 61.1.6. Exergy 71.1.7. Going Back to the Past 71.1.8. Humans and Energy 81.2. Always More! 91.2.1. Why do we Need More Energy? 101.2.2. Energy Sources we Use 131.2.3. Security of Supply 181.2.4. Environmental Concerns 242. Oil and Natural Gas 262.1. Genesis of Oil and Natural Gas 272.2. Recovering Oil and Gas 302.3. Peak Oil 322.4. Reserves 342.4.1. Crude Oil Reserves 352.4.2. Natural Gas Reserves 362.5. Properties of Hydrocarbons 382.6. Oil Fields 402.7. Prices 412.8. Consumption 442.9. Electricity Generation 462.10. Impact on Environment 492.11. Conclusion 523. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources 533.1. Hydrocarbon Formation 533.2. Offshore Hydrocarbons 553.3. Unconventional Hydrocarbons 583.4. Unconventional Oils 593.4.1. Unconventional Oils Contained in Reservoirs 593.4.2. Unconventional Oils Contained in Source Rock 603.5. Unconventional Gases 613.5.1. Unconventional Gases Contained in Reservoirs 613.5.2. Unconventional Gases Contained in Source Rocks 623.6. Methane Hydrates 693.7. Conclusion 704. Coal: Fossil Fuel of the Future 714.1. Genesis of Coal 724.2. Rank of Coals 734.3. Classification of Coals 734.4. Peat 764.5. Use of Coal 784.6. Coal Reserves 784.7. Production and Consumption 824.8. Electricity Production 864.9. Coal Combustion for Power Generation 874.9.1. Advanced Pulverized Coal Combustion 884.9.2. Fluidized‐Bed Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure 884.9.3. Pressurized Fluidized‐Bed Combustion 884.10. Combined Heat and Power Generation 884.11. Integrated Gasification Combined–Cycle Power Plants 894.12. Coal‐to‐Liquid Technologies 904.13. Direct Coal Liquefaction 904.14. Indirect Coal Liquefaction 914.15. Direct or Indirect CTL Technology? 924.16. Carbon Capture and Sequestration 934.16.1. Capture 934.16.2. Transport 974.16.3. Sequestration 974.16.4. Cost 1004.17. Coal Pit Accidents 1004.18. Environmental Impacts 1014.19. Conclusion 1025. Fossil Fuels and Greenhouse Effect 1035.1. Greenhouse Effect 1045.2. Greenhouse Gases 1075.3. Weather and Climate 1115.4. Natural Change of Climate 1125.5. Anthropogenic Emissions 1125.6. Water and Aerosols 1155.7. Global Warming Potentials 1165.8. Increase of Average Temperature 1175.9. Model Predictions 1185.10. Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1195.11. Consequences 1265.12. Other Impacts on Ocean 1265.13. Factor 4 1285.14. Kyoto Protocol 1295.15. Conclusion 1316. Energy from Water 1336.1. Hydropower 1336.1.1. Hydropower: Important Source of Electricity 1346.1.2. Dams and Diversions 1376.1.3. Head and Flow 1396.1.4. Turbines 1406.1.5. Small‐Scale Hydropower 1426.1.6. Environmental Concerns 1446.1.7. Costs 1446.2. Energy from the Ocean 1456.2.1. Offshore Wind Energy 1476.2.2. Wave Energy 1476.2.3. Tidal Energy 1516.2.4. Marine Current Energy 1536.2.5. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 1546.2.6. Osmotic Energy 1557. Biomass 1577.1. Producing Biomass 1597.2. An Old Energy Resource 1617.3. Electricity Production 1627.4. Technologies 1647.4.1. Direct Combustion Technologies 1647.4.2. Cofiring Technologies 1657.4.3. Biomass Gasification 1657.4.4. Anaerobic Digestion 1667.4.5. Pyrolysis 1667.5. Heat Production 1677.6. Biomass for Cooking 1687.7. Environmental Impact 1697.8. Market Share 1707.9. Biofuels 1727.9.1. First‐Generation Biofuels 1747.9.2. Second‐Generation Biofuels 1817.9.3. Third‐Generation Biofuels 1827.10. From Well to Wheels 1827.11. Conclusion 1838. Solar Energy 1848.1. Solar Energy: A Huge Potential 1858.2. Thermal Solar Energy 1868.2.1. Producing Hot Water for Domestic Purposes 1868.2.2. Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Using Solar Energy 1898.2.3. The Solar Cooker 1908.3. Concentrated Solar Power Plants 1918.3.1. Parabolic Troughs 1918.3.2. Power Towers 1938.3.3. Parabolic Dish Collectors 1948.4. Solar Chimneys or Towers 1948.5. Photovoltaic Systems 1968.5.1. Market Dominated by Silicon 1978.5.2. Other Photovoltaic Technologies 1988.5.3. Applications 1998.6. Electricity Storage 2048.7. Economy and Environment 2058.8. Conclusion 2059. Geothermal Energy 2079.1. Available in Many Places 2109.2. Different Uses 2129.3. Technologies 2129.4. Geothermal Energy in the World 2169.5. Conclusion 21910. Wind Energy 22010.1. Already A Long History 22010.2. From Theory to Practice 22210.3. Development of Wind Power 22410.4. Offshore Wind Turbines 23210.5. Conclusion 23311. Nuclear Energy 23411.1. Basics of Nuclear Energy 23411.1.1. Atoms and Nuclei 23511.1.2. Radioactivity 23611.1.3. Energy and Mass 23811.1.4. Fission 24011.1.5. Fissile and Fertile 24111.1.6. Chain Reaction 24211.1.7. Critical Mass 24411.1.8. Nuclear Reactors 24511.1.9. Natural Nuclear Reactors: Oklo 24611.1.10. Conclusion 24711.2. Uses of Nuclear Energy 24711.2.1. Different Technologies 24811.2.2. Selection Process 25111.2.3. Why Nuclear Energy? 25311.2.4. Uranium Resources 25411.2.5. Fuel Cycles 25711.2.6. Safety 26011.2.7. Nuclear Waste 26311.2.8. Conclusion 26511.3. Thermonuclear Fusion 26611.3.1. Nuclei: Concentrated Sources of Energy 26611.3.2. The Sun 26711.3.3. Fusion of Light Nuclei 26811.3.4. Difficulties 26811.3.5. A Bit of History 26911.3.6. Thermonuclear Fusion in Tokamaks 26911.3.7. ITER: New Step Toward Mastering Fusion 27011.3.8. About Fuel Reserves 27111.3.9. Longer Term Possibilities 27111.3.10. Safety and Waste Issues 27211.3.11. Conclusion 272Appendix 27312. Electricity: Smart Use of Energy 27412.1. Rapid Development 27512.2. Energy Sources for Electricity Production 27912.3. No Unique Solution 28112.4. From Mechanical Energy to Consumer 28612.5. Impact on Environment 28812.6. Cost 28912.7. Conclusion 29013. Weak Point of Energy Supply Chain 29213.1. Electricity Storage 29413.1.1. Characteristics of Electricity Storage 29613.1.2. Large‐Quantity Storage Technologies 29713.1.3. Electrochemical Batteries 30313.1.4. Supercapacitors 31513.1.5. Flywheels 31713.2. Thermal Energy Storage 31813.2.1. Basic Heat Storage 32013.2.2. Sensible Heat Storage 32013.2.3. Phase Change Materials 32013.2.4. Thermochemical and Thermophysical Energy Storage 32213.2.5. Applications of Thermal Energy Storage 32313.2.6. Underground Energy Storage 32413.2.7. Conclusion 32614. Transportation 32714.1. Short History of Transportation 32714.2. Energy and Transportation 32914.3. Road Transportation 33114.4. Ship Transportation 33614.5. Air Transport 33714.6. Car Dynamics 33914.7. Fuels for Road Transportation 34014.8. Co2 Emissions 34314.9. Hybrid Vehicles 35414.10. Electric Vehicles 35614.11. Conclusion 35815. Housing 35915.1. Importance of Housing 35915.2. Toward More Efficient Housing 36315.3. Different Regions, Different Solutions 36715.4. Bioclimatic Architecture 36915.5. Insulation 37015.6. Glazing 37415.7. Lighting 37615.8. Ventilation 37915.9. Water 38015.10. Energy Use in a Household 38215.11. Heat Pumps 38415.12. Impact on Environment 38715.13. Conclusion 39016. Smart Energy Consumption 39116.1. Housing 39216.2. Improving the Way we Consume Energy 39316.3. Cogeneration 39416.4. Standby Consumption 39616.5. Lighting 40116.6. Transportation 40216.6.1. Technology 40416.6.2. Individuals 40516.7. Conclusion 40717. Hydrogen 40917.1. From Production To Distribution 40917.1.1. Properties 40917.1.2. Production 41117.1.3. Storage 42017.1.4. Hydrogen Transport and Distribution 42517.1.5. Conclusion 42817.2. Hydrogen: Energetic Applications 42817.2.1. Fundamentals of Fuel Cells 42817.2.2. Different Types of Fuel Cells 43117.2.3. Transportation 43917.2.4. Direct Use of Hydrogen 44617.2.5. Direct Combined Heat and Power 44717.2.6. Hydrogen and Portable Devices 44817.2.7. Hydrogen Safety 44917.2.8. Conclusion 45018. Nanotechnology and Energy 45218.1. What is New at the Nanoscale? 45218.1.1. Surface Effects Prevail 45318.1.2. Quantum Effects 45318.2. Nanotechnology and Energy Production 45618.2.1. Fossil Fuels 45718.2.2. Syngas 45818.3. New Energy Technologies 45918.3.1. Solar Energy 46018.3.2. Wind Energy 46218.3.3. Hydrogen 46218.3.4. Fuel Cells 46218.3.5. Batteries 46318.3.6. Thermoelectricity 46418.3.7. Electrical Distribution 46418.4. Nanotechnology and Housing 46418.4.1. Construction Engineering 46418.4.2. Insulation 46518.4.3. Lighting 46618.4.4. Heating, Ventilating, and Air‐Conditioning 46818.4.5. Surface Materials 46818.5. Nanotechnology and Transportation 46818.5.1. Bodywork 46918.5.2. Interior of the Car 47018.5.3. Tires 47018.5.4. Powertrain 47118.5.5. Electronics 47118.5.6. Outlook in the Automotive Sector 47118.6. Conclusion 47219. Conclusion 474Exercises 480Solutions 490Bibliography 500Index 505