Organic Electronics 2

Thien-Phap Nguyen is Professor Emeritus at the University of Nantes, France. He has taught solid state physics and organic electronics. His research focuses on semiconductors and electronic components.

• Introduction ixChapter 1 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Reminders on optics 21.2.1 Photometry and radiometry 21.2.2 Colors 31.3 OLED operating principle 61.3.1 P–N junction LED 61.3.2 OLEDs 151.4 OLED applications 351.4.1 OLEDs for lighting 361.4.2 OLEDs for display 371.4.3 OLEDs for automotive equipment 391.5 Conclusion 40Chapter 2 Organic Solar Cells 412.1 Introduction 412.2 Solar spectrum 422.3 Operating principle 442.3.1 Absorption of photons 452.3.2 Diffusion of excitons 462.3.3 Dissociation of excitons 472.3.4 Diffusion of carriers to electrodes 502.3.5 Collection of charges 502.3.6 Process optimization for an organic solar cell 502.4 Characteristic parameters of solar cells 522.4.1 Current–voltage characteristics 522.4.2 Photovoltaic parameters of a solar cell 542.4.3 Efficiency 572.5 Organic materials 592.5.1 Electron donor materials 592.5.2 Electron acceptor materials 612.6 P3HT:PCBM 632.7 Perovskite 652.7.1 Structure of perovskite 662.7.2 Solar cells based on perovskite 672.7.3 Conversion efficiency 692.7.4 Problems with the use of perovskite solar cells 692.8 Solar cells based on organic, hybrid and silicon materials 732.9 Strategies to improve the performance of organic and hybrid solar cells 752.9.1 Low bandgap semiconductors 762.9.2 Tandem cells 782.10 Conclusion 82Chapter 3 Organic Transistors 853.1 Introduction 853.2 Operating principle 863.2.1 Transistor effect 873.2.2 Field effect 883.3 Principal OFET parameters 953.3.1 Charge carrier mobility 963.3.2 Contact resistance 973.3.3 Hysteresis 1013.3.4 Gate-bias stress effects, VGS 1023.3.5 Ion/Ioff current ratio 1023.4 Materials 1033.4.1 Metals used for electrodes 1033.4.2 Dielectric materials 1043.4.3 Active organic materials 1093.5 Ambipolar transistors and semiconductors 1153.5.1 Ambipolar semiconductors 1153.5.2 Ambipolar transistors 1163.6 Light-emitting transistors 1183.6.1 Ambipolar OLETs with BHJ structure 1183.6.2 Single-semiconductor ambipolar OLETs 1183.6.3 Vertical OLETs 1203.7 OFET applications 1213.7.1 RFID tags 1213.7.2 Sensors 1223.7.3 Active-matrix displays 1233.8 Conclusion 124Chapter 4 The Brabec Triangle 1274.1 Introduction 1274.2 Device efficiency 1284.2.1 OLED efficiency 1284.2.2 Solar cell efficiency 1304.2.3 OFET performance 1334.3 Stability of materials and devices 1344.3.1 Process of degradation of organic materials and devices 1354.3.2 Classification of device degradation mechanisms 1374.3.3 Degradation of OFETs 1434.3.4 Measuring the lifetime of devices 1464.4 Organic device production cost and marketing 1514.4.1 Production of OLEDs 1524.4.2 Production of OSCs 1534.4.3 Production of OFETs 1554.5 Synthesis on Brabec’s criteria 1564.6 Environmental dimension 1574.6.1 Life-cycle assessment 1584.6.2 Levelized cost of energy 1604.6.3 Energy payback time 1604.6.4 Life cycle of organic solar cells 1614.6.5 Fate of released pollutants 1624.6.6 Mass production and environment 1654.7 Prospects and developments 167List of Acronyms 173References 181Index 197