Optical and Wireless Convergence for 5G Networks

ABDELGADER M. ABDALLA, PHD, is a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal. He is acting as a work package leader/task leader for two ECSEL Innovation Actions European projects. He is also playing a leading international role on optical-wireless convergence research. JONATHAN RODRIGUEZ, PHD, is a Principal Investigator and founder of the Mobile Systems Research Lab at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal. He is also a full Professor at the University of South Wales, UK. ISSA ELFERGANI, PHD, is a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal, working as technical manager and work package leader on several national and international projects. He is an expert on Radio Communication. ANTONIO TEIXEIRA, PHD, is a Professor at the University of Aveiro and Principal Investigator at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal. He was with Nokia Siemens Networks and Coriant as a standardization expert in the field of optical access. He holds an EC in management and leadership from MIT Sloan School.

• About the Editors xiiiList of Contributors xviiPreface xxxiAcknowledgments xxxiiiIntroduction xxxv1 Towards a Converged Optical-Wireless Fronthaul/Backhaul Solution for 5G Networks and Beyond 1Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Nelson Jesus Muga, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Cátia Pinho, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, and Antonio Luís Teixeira1.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellular Network Interface and Solution 21.2.1 MBH/MFH Architecture 21.2.1.1 Mobile Backhaul (MBH) 21.2.1.2 Mobile Fronthaul (MFH) 31.2.2 Integrated MBH/MFH Transport Network 31.3 5G Enabling Technologies 41.3.1 Ultra-Densification 41.3.2 C-RAN and RAN Virtualization 41.3.3 Advanced Radio Coordination 61.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Small Cells 71.3.5 Massive MIMO 81.3.6 New Multicarrier Modulations for 5G 81.4 Fiber-Wireless Network Convergence 91.5 Radio-Over-Fiber Transmission Scheme 101.5.1 Digital Radio-Over-Fiber (D-RoF) Transmission 101.5.2 Analog Radio-Over-Fiber (A-RoF) Transmission 101.6 Optical MBH/MFH Transport Network Multiplexing Schemes 111.6.1 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) Based Schemes 111.6.2 Spatial-Division Multiplexing (SDM) Based Schemes 121.6.2.1 State-of-the-Art of SDM in 5G Infrastructure 121.6.2.2 Spatial Division Multiplexing Enabling Tools 131.7 Wireless based MFH/MBH 161.7.1 FSO Communication Systems 171.7.1.1 Log-Normal Distribution (LN) 171.7.1.2 Gamma-Gamma (ΓΓ) Distribution 191.7.2 Hybrid RF/FSO Technology 201.7.3 Relay-Assisted FSO Transmission 201.8 Experimental Channel Measurement and Characterization 211.9 Results and Discussions 231.10 Conclusion 24Acknowledgments 24Bibliography 252 Hybrid Fiber Wireless (HFW) Extension for GPON Toward 5G 31Rattana Chuenchom, Andreas Steffan, Robert G. Walker, Stephen J. Clements, Yigal Leiba, Andrzej Banach, Mateusz Lech, and Andreas Stöhr2.1 Introduction 312.2 Passive Optical Network 322.2.1 GPON and EPON Standards 322.3 Transparent Wireless Extension of Optical Links 332.3.1 Transparent Wireless Extension of Optical Links Using Coherent RoF (CRoF) 332.4 Key Enabling Photonic and Electronic Technologies 362.4.1 Coherent Photonic Mixer 362.4.2 Single Side Band Mach–Zehnder Modulator 392.4.3 High Power Amplifier in the E-band for GPON Extension 422.4.4 Integrated Radio Access Units 442.5 Field Trial for a 2.5 Gbit s−1 GPON over Wireless 462.5.1 RX Throughput and Packet Loss 502.5.2 Latency 522.5.3 Jitter 532.6 Conclusions 53Bibliography 543 Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization for Converged Access-Metro Networks 57Marco Ruffini and Frank Slyne3.1 Introduction 573.2 The 5G Requirements Driving Network Convergence and Virtualization 583.3 Access and Metro Convergence 613.3.1 Long-Reach Passive Optical Network 623.3.2 New Architectures in Support of 5G Networks, Network Virtualization and Mobile Functional Split 633.4 Functional Convergence and Virtualization of the COs 663.4.1 Infrastructure 673.4.1.1 Disaggregated Hardware 673.4.1.2 I/O Abstraction and Data Path 683.4.1.3 Data Centre Switching Fabric 703.4.1.4 Optimized Infrastructure Projects 703.4.2 Management and Control 703.4.2.1 Network Control 703.4.2.2 Cloud and Virtual Management 713.4.2.3 Orchestration, Management and Policy 723.4.3 Cross-Layer Components 733.5 Conclusions 73Bibliography 744 Multicore Fibres for 5G Fronthaul Evolution 79Ivana Gasulla and José Capmany4.1 Why 5G Communications Demand Optical Space-Division Multiplexing 794.2 Multicore Fibre Transmission Review 814.2.1 Homogeneous MCFs 824.2.2 Heterogeneous MCFs 834.3 Radio Access Networks Using Multicore Fibre Links 844.3.1 Basic MCF Link Between the Central Office and Base Station 864.3.2 MCF Based RoF C-RAN 874.3.3 MCF Based DRoF C-RAN 894.4 Microwave Signal Processing Enabled by Multicore Fibers 904.4.1 Signal Processing Over a Heterogeneous MCF Link 934.4.2 RF Signal Processing Over a Homogeneous MCF Multi-Cavity Device 944.5 Final Remarks 97Bibliography 975 Enabling VLC and WiFi Network Technologies and Architectures Toward 5G 101Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Antonio Luís Teixeira, Stanislav Zvánovec, and Zabih Ghassemlooy5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Optical Wireless Systems 1035.3 Visible Light Communication (VLC) System Fundamentals 1055.4 VLC Current and Anticipated Future Applications 1075.4.1 Underwater Wireless Communications 1095.4.2 Airline and Aviation 1125.4.3 Hospitals 1125.4.4 Vehicular Communication Systems 1135.4.5 Sensitive Areas 1145.4.6 Manufacturing and Industrial Applications 1145.4.7 Retail Stores 1145.4.8 Consumer Electronics 1145.4.9 Internet of Things 1155.4.10 Other Application Areas 1155.5 Hybrid VLC and RF Networks 1165.6 Challenges and Open-Ended Issues 1175.6.1 Flicker and Dimming 1175.6.2 Data Rate Improvement 1175.7 Conclusions 118Acknowledgments 118Bibliography 1186 5G RAN: Key Radio Technologies and Hardware Implementation Challenges 123Hassan Hamdoun, Mohamed Hamid, Shoaib Amin, and Hind Dafallah6.1 Introduction 1236.2 5G NR Enabled Use Cases 1246.2.1 eMBB and uRLLC 1246.2.1.1 mMTC 1256.2.2 Migration to 5G 1256.3 5G RAN Radio Enabling Technologies 1266.3.1 Massive MIMO (M-MIMO) 1266.3.1.1 M-MIMO in mmWave 1286.3.1.2 M-MIMO in sub 6 GHz 1286.3.1.3 Distributed MIMO (D-MIMO) 1286.3.2 Carrier Aggregation and Licensed Assisted Access to an Unlicensed Spectrum 1296.3.3 Dual Connectivity 1306.3.4 Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication 1306.4 Hardware Impairments 1316.4.1 Hardware Impairments – Transmitters 1326.4.2 Hardware Impairments – Receivers 1336.4.3 Hardware Impairments – Transceivers 1336.5 Technology and Fabrication Challenges 1356.6 Conclusion 135Bibliography 1367 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design for 5G Applications 139Issa Elfergani, Abubakar Sadiq Hussaini, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Raed Abd-Alhameed7.1 Introduction 1397.2 Antenna Design and Procedure 1427.3 Antenna Optimization and Analysis 1437.3.1 The Influence of Ground Plane Length (G L) 1437.3.2 The Effect of Feeding Strip Position (F P) 1447.3.3 The Influences of the Substrate Type 1457.4 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design with Notched Frequency Band 1467.5 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design with Loaded Capacitor 1487.6 Conclusion 152Acknowledgments 153Bibliography 1538 Wireless Signal Encapsulation in a Seamless Fiber–Millimeter Wave System 157Pham Tien Dat, Atsushi Kanno, Naokatsu Yamamoto, and Testuya Kawanishi8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Principle of Signal Encapsulation 1588.2.1 Downlink System 1588.2.2 Uplink System 1618.3 Examples of Signal Encapsulation 1628.3.1 Downlink Transmission 1628.3.2 Uplink Transmission 1668.3.3 MmWave Link Distance 1708.4 Conclusion 174Bibliography 1759 5G Optical Sensing Technologies 179Seedahmed S. Mahmoud, Bernhard Koziol, and Jusak Jusak9.1 Introduction 1799.2 Optical Fibre Communication Network: Intrusion Methods 1829.3 Physical Protection of Optical Fiber Communication Cables 1839.3.1 Location-Based Optical Fibre Sensors 1859.3.1.1 OTDR Based Sensor 1859.3.1.2 Mach–Zehnder Interferometry 1869.3.2 Point-Based OFSs 1879.3.2.1 FBGs 1879.3.3 Zone-Based OFSs 1889.3.3.1 Michelson Interferometer 1889.4 Design Considerations and Performance Characteristics 1899.4.1 Performance Parameters 1899.4.2 The Need for Robust Signal Processing Methods 1909.4.3 System Installation and Technology Suitability 1919.5 Conclusions 192Bibliography 19210 The Tactile Internet over 5G FiWi Architectures 197Amin Ebrahimzadeh, Mahfuzulhoq Chowdhury, and Martin Maier10.1 Introduction 19710.2 The TI: State of the Art and Open Challenges 20310.3 Related Work 20610.4 HITL Centric Teleoperation over AI Enhanced FiWi Networks 20710.5 HART Centric Task Allocation over Multi-Robot FiWi Based TI Infrastructures 21310.6 Conclusions 219Bibliography 22011 Energy Efficiency in the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) for 5G Mobile Networks: Opportunities and Challenges 225Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Akeem Olapade Mufutau, Fernando Pereira Guiomar, Ifiok Otung, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, and Antonio Luís Teixeira11.1 Introduction 22511.1.1 Environmental Effects 22611.1.2 Economic Benefits 22711.2 Standardized Energy Efficiency Metric (Green Metric) 22911.2.1 Power Per Subscriber, Traffic and Distance/Area 23011.2.2 Energy Consumption Rating (ECR) Measured in W Gbps−1 23111.2.3 Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Ratio (TEER) 23111.2.4 Telecommunication Equipment Energy Efficiency Rating (TEEER) 23111.3 Green Design for Energy Crunch Prevention in 5G Networks 23211.3.1 Hardware Solutions 23311.3.2 Network Planning and Deployment 23411.3.2.1 Dense Networks 23411.3.2.2 Offloading Techniques 23411.3.3 Resource Allocation 23511.3.4 Energy Harvesting (EH) and Transfer 23511.3.4.1 Dedicated EH 23511.3.4.2 Ambient EH 23511.4 Fiber Based Energy Efficient Network 23711.4.1 Zero Power RAU PoF Network 23811.4.2 Battery Powered RRH PoF Network 23811.5 System and Power Consumption Model 23811.5.1 Remote Unit Power Consumption 24011.5.2 Centralized Unit Power Consumption 24111.5.3 Fronthaul Power Consumption 24111.5.4 Massive MIMO Energy Efficiency 24211.6 Simulation Results and Discussions 24311.7 Conclusion 245Acknowledgments 245Bibliography 24512 Fog Computing Enhanced Fiber-Wireless Access Networks in the 5G Era 249Bhaskar Prasad Rimal and Martin Maier12.1 Background and Motivation 24912.1.1 Next-Generation PON and Beyond 24912.1.2 FiWi Broadband Access Networks 25112.1.3 Role of Fog Computing 25312.1.4 Computation Offloading 25312.1.5 Key Issues and Contributions 25512.2 Fog Computing Enhanced FiWi Networks 25712.2.1 Network Architecture 25712.2.2 Protocol Description 25912.3 Analysis 25912.3.1 Survivability Analysis 25912.3.2 End-to-End Delay Analysis 26212.4 Implementation and Validation 26312.4.1 Experimental Testbed 26412.4.2 Results 26412.5 Conclusions and Outlook 26712.5.1 Conclusions 26712.5.2 Outlook 267Bibliography 26813 Techno-economic and Business Feasibility Analysis of 5G Transport Networks 273Forough Yaghoubi, Mozhgan Mahloo, Lena Wosinska, Paolo Monti, Fabricio S. Farias, Joao C. W. A. Costa, and Jiajia Chen13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Mobile Backhaul Technologies 27513.3 Techno-economic Framework 27813.3.1 Architecture Module 27913.3.2 Topology Module 27913.3.3 Market Module 28013.3.4 Network Dimensioning Tool 28013.3.5 Cost Module 28013.3.6 Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Module 28013.3.6.1 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) 28113.3.6.2 Operational Expenditure (OPEX) 28113.3.7 Business Models and Scenarios 28313.3.8 Techno-economic Module 28313.4 Case Study 28413.4.1 Application of Methodology/Scenarios 28413.4.2 Techno-economic Evaluation Results 28613.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 28913.5 Conclusion 292Bibliography 293Index 297