Ameenah Gurib-Fakim is Professor and Managing Director at the Centre for Phytotherapy Research (CEPHYR) in Mauritius. She has authored several books on medicinal plants and on the flora of Mauritius and Africa and has received several international prizes. In 2013, she receives the Honorary Doctorate from the Universite Pierre Marie Curie (Sorbonne Universites) and is also Honorary Professor at UNISA, Pretoria, South Africa.

• List of contributors xiiiForeword xviiPART ONE NOVEL PLANT BIORESOURCES: APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE, COSMETICS, ETC. 11 Plant Diversity in Addressing Food, Nutrition and Medicinal Needs 3M.E. Dulloo, D. Hunter and D. Leaman1.1 Introduction 31.2 Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture 71.3 Plant genetic diversity for nutrition 101.4 Plant diversity for medicines 142 World Health Organization Perspective for Traditional Medicine 23Ossy M. J. Kasilo and Jean-Baptiste Nikiema2.1 Introduction 232.2 Policies on traditional medicine 242.3 Tools and guidelines 242.4 Implementation of the regional strategy on traditional medicine 352.5 The way forward 402.6 Conclusion 413 Cultivation of Novel Medicinal Plant Products and Associated Challenges 43Ulrich Feiter3.1 Introduction 433.2 Basic principles of novel crop cultivation 433.3 Case study 1: Pelargonium sidoides 513.4 Case study 2: Sutherlandia frutescens 523.5 Case study 3: Euphorbia resinifera 543.6 Conclusion 554 Enabling Technologies to Facilitate Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery from African Biodiversity 57Nyaradzo, T., L. Chigorimbo-Murefu, Grace Mugumbate and Kelly Chibale4.1 Introduction 574.2 Enabling-technology platforms 594.3 Natural product diversification and drug metabolite generation platform 654.4 Conclusion 655 Assessing Biodiversity: A Molecular Approach Using DNA Sequencing 69Yasmina Jaufeerally-Fakim5.1 Introduction 695.2 Taxonomy and evolution 695.3 Assessing diversity 705.4 DNA sequencing and barcoding 735.5 Plant genomics 755.6 Analysis of marker data 796 Conservation of Endangered Wild Harvested Medicinal Plants: Use of DNA Barcoding 81Sarina Veldman, Joseph Otieno, Barbara Gravendeel, Tinde van Andel and Hugo de Boer6.1 Wild harvested medicinal plants: background and challenges 816.2 DNA barcoding general 826.3 DNA barcoding and species delimitation 826.4 DNA barcodes for plants 836.5 Examples of DNA barcoding of cryptic and prepared plant material 836.6 Plant DNA authentication, verification and certification 856.7 Future opportunities and challenges 857 Market Entry, Standards and Certification 89Susan A. Wren7.1 Sustainable utilization of indigenous plant products 897.2 Market entry 907.3 Certification 937.4 Developing indigenous plant-based enterprises as viable businesses with developing country communities 1028 European Union Market Access Categories and Regulatory Requirements for Novel Natural Products 107Thomas Brendler and L. Denzil Philipps8.1 Introduction 1078.2 Raw materials 1078.3 Finished products 1118.4 Summary 1229 Nutrition, Health and Food Security: Evidence and Priority Actions 125L. J. Ferrao and T. H. Fernandes9.1 Introduction 1259.2 Well-being and nutrition 1259.3 Traditional food cultures 1269.4 Nutrition in pregnancy and infancy 1269.5 Health and nutrition education is central for development 1279.6 Research and development 1289.7 Role of agricultural growth on reducing poverty, hunger and malnutrition 1289.8 Concluding remarks 129PART TWO MEDICINE (PLANTS AS MEDICINE: HUMANS AND ANIMAL HEALTH) 13110 Anticancer Potential of African Plants: The Experience of the United States National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health 133John A. Beutler, Gordon M. Cragg, Maurice Iwu, David J. Newman and Christopher Okunji10.1 Introduction 13310.2 The United States National Cancer Institute programme 13310.3 The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups programme 13910.4 Conclusions 14511 Biodiversity as a Source of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus Replication 151Pieter Leyssen, Jacqueline Smadja, Philippe Rasoanaivo, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Bruno Canard, Jean-Claude Guillemot, Marc Litaudon and Francoise Gueritte11.1 The epidemiology of chikungunya virus 15111.2 The PHYTOCHIK programme for the discovery of natural compounds active against chikungunya virus 15411.3 Euphorbiaceae, abundant source of anti-chikungunya virus compounds 15711.4 Conclusion 15912 Using African Plant Biodiversity to Combat Microbial Infections 163J. N. Eloff and L. J. McGaw12.1 Introduction and problem statement 16312.2 Commercial use of African medicinal plants in the herbal medicine industry 16412.3 Why is there such a difference in product development for antimicrobials versus other medicinal applications? 16412.4 Methods used in developing useful products 16412.5 Results of random screening of large number of species 16712.6 Our approach to random screening 16812.7 Activity of compounds isolated against Staphylococcus aureus 16912.8 Discovering antifungal compounds from natural products 16912.9 Review papers focusing on antimicrobial activity of plants from Africa 16912.10 Promising new approaches 17012.11 The potential of using African medicinal plants as extracts 17012.12 Conclusions 17113 Plant Medicines Used in the Treatment of Malaria 175John R.S. Tabuti, Antonia Nyamukuru and Mohammed Lamorde13.1 Introduction 17513.2 Approach used in the review 17513.3 Plant species commonly used to treat malaria in Uganda 17613.4 Conclusions and recommendations 17714 Multiple Anti-Infective Properties of Selected Plant Species from Zimbabwe 179Rumbidzai Mangoyi, Tariro Chitemerere, Theresa Chimponda, Elaine Chirisa and Stanley Mukanganyama14.1 Introduction 17914.2 Preparation of plant extracts 18114.3 Conclusions 18815 Development of Phytodrugs from Indigenous Plants: The Mali Experience 191Rokia Sanogo15.1 Introduction 19115.2 Development of new phytodrugs 19815.3 Discussion 19915.4 Conclusion 20016 Healing Aloes from the Mascarenes Islands 205Joyce Govinden-Soulange16.1 Introduction 20516.2 The Asphodelaceae 20516.3 Prospects and research avenues 21117 Pharmacological Activities of Some of the Neglected and Underutilized Tropical Plants in Malaysia 215Z.A. Zakaria, F. Yahya, T. Balan, S.S. Mamat, R. Rodzi, F.H. Kamisan, C.A. Fatimah and A.L. Ibrahim17.1 Introduction 21517.2 Muntingia calabura 21517.3 Dicranopteris linearis 21817.4 Bauhinia purpurea 21917.5 Melastoma malabathricum 22217.6 Conclusion 22418 Multiple Applications of Endophytic Colletotrichum Species Occurring in Medicinal Plants 227Mahendra Rai, Gauravi Agarkar and Dnyaneshwar Rathod18.1 Introduction 22718.2 Diversity of endophytic Colletotrichum sp. in medicinal plants 22818.3 Biomedical applications 22818.4 Agriculture applications 23118.5 Industrial applications 23318.6 Perspectives 23418.7 Conclusion 23419 African Plants with Potential for Development into Ethnoveterinary Products 237L.J. McGaw and J.N. Eloff19.1 Introduction 23719.2 What is ethnoveterinary medicine? 23719.3 Ethnoveterinary medicine in Africa 23819.4 African plants as sources of commercial remedies 25519.5 Examples of African medicinal plants used for ethnoveterinary purposes with scope for commercialization 25619.6 Toxicity 25819.7 Conclusions 25820 African Plant Biodiversity in Pest Management 263S. N'Danikou, D.A. Tchokponhoue, C.A. Houdegbe and E.G. Achigan-Dako20.1 Introduction 26320.2 History of humans’ use of plant biodiversity in pest management 26420.3 Methods and approaches in pest management 26420.4 Research on plant use in pest management 26620.5 Biodiversity of African plants used in pest management 26720.6 Benefits of the use of plants in crop pest management 27020.7 Limits of the study 27020.8 Conclusion 27021 Commercialization of Ethnoveterinary Botanical Products 285David R. Katerere21.1 Introduction 28521.2 Therapeutic areas for ethnoveterinary applications 28721.3 Conclusion 29022 Plants Used for Pest Management in Malawi 295Cecilia Maliwichi-Nyirenda, Lucy Lynn Maliwichi and John F. Kamanula22.1 Introduction 29522.2 Merits and demerits of pest management systems in Malawi 29622.3 Plant species used in pest management 297PART THREE FOOD (SPICES, FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, ETC.) 30323 Aromatic Plants: Use and Nutraceutical Properties 305Lucia Guidi and Marco Landi23.1 Introduction 30523.2 Mediterranean aromatic plants 30723.3 Concluding remarks 32524 'Let Your Food Be Your Medicine': Exotic Fruits and Vegetables as Therapeutic Components for Obesity and Other Metabolic Syndromes 347Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally24.1 Introduction 34724.2 Obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndromes 34724.3 Medicinal food plants against metabolic diseases 34824.4 Conclusion 35525 Strategic Repositioning African Indigenous Vegetables and Fruits with Nutrition, Economic and Climate Change Resilience Potential 361M.O. Abukutsa-Onyango25.1 Introduction 36125.2 African indigenous vegetables and fruits 36225.3 Strategic repositioning of indigenous vegetables and fruits in the horticulture 36425.4 Concluding remarks 36726 Hepatoprotective, Antiulcerogenic, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Musa acuminata Peel and Pulp 371Fatimah Corazon Abdullah, Lida Rahimi, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria and Abdul Latif Ibrahim26.1 Introduction 37126.2 Hepatoprotective activity 37326.3 Antiulcerogenic activity 37726.4 Cytotoxic activity 37926.5 Antioxidant activity 38026.6 Conclusion 38127 Plant Bioresources and their Nutrigenomic Implications on Health 383Maznah Ismail and Mustapha Umar Imam27.1 Introduction 38327.2 Plant bioresources for health uses: beyond traditional uses 38427.3 Bioactivity of plant bioresources: nutrigenomic implications 38427.4 Potential implications of the rising trend in the use of plant bioresources for remedies 39027.5 Conclusions 39028 Safety of Botanical Ingredients in Personal Healthcare: Focus on Africa 395R. Vihotogbe, C.N.A. Sossa-Vihotogbé and G.E. Achigan-Dako28.1 Introduction 39528.2 Safety in healthcare via food consumption 39528.3 Medicinal plants in healthcare 396PART FOUR COSMETICS (INCLUDING DYES, AROMAS) 40929 Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in North Africa: Opportunities, Constraints and Prospects 411Mohamed Ghanmi, Abderrahman Aafi, Badr Satrani, Mohamed Aberchane, Abderrahim Khia and Salah Eddine Bakkali Yakhlef29.1 Introduction 41129.2 Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: a snapshot on the countries of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) 41129.3 Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: overview and prospects 41329.4 Aromatic and medicinal plants in Morocco: opportunities, constraints and prospects 41329.5 Development of the aromatic and medicinal plants sector in Morocco: the strategy adopted 41529.6 Research conducted in the field of aromatic and medicinal plants: achievements and prospects 41529.7 Medicinal and aromatic plants in Algeria 41729.8 Medicinal and aromatic plants in Tunisia 41829.9 Molecular techniques as tools for conservation and valorization of aromatic and medicinal plants 41829.10 Sector of aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: prospects 42130 Development of Natural Cosmeceuticals: Harnessing Asia's Biodiversity 425Azila Abdul-Aziz, Mariani Abdul Hamid, Norhayati Mohammad Noor, Harisun Yaakob, Rosnani Hasham and Mohamad Roji Sarmidi30.1 Introduction 42530.2 Mangosteen: a 'fruity' depigmenting agent 42530.3 Ficus deltoidea: the ‘golden’ treasure from nature 42630.4 Labisia pumila: Malaysia’s queen of herbs 42730.5 Andrographis paniculata: a ‘bitter’ therapy for the skin 42830.6 Centella asiatica: herbs' jack of all trades 42930.7 Future trends 42931 Unique Bioresources from Ethiopia for Food, Medicine and Cosmetics 433E. Dagne31.1 Introduction 43331.2 Boswellia species (Burseraceae), etan (Amharic) 43331.3 Catha edulis (Celastraceae), khat 43331.4 Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), buna (Amharic) 43431.5 Commiphora myrrha (Burseraceae), kerbe (Amharic) 43531.6 Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae), bissana (Amharic) 43531.7 Echinops kebericho (Asteraceae), kebericho (Amharic) 43531.8 Ensete ventricosum (Musaceae), enset (Amharic) 43631.9 Eragrostis tef (Poaceae), tef (Amharic) 43631.10 Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae), koso (Amharic) 43831.11 Moringa stenopetala (Moringaceae), shiferaw (Amharic) 43831.12 Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae), tikur azmud (Amharic) 43931.13 Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae), endod (Amharic) 43931.14 Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae), mashla (Amharic) 43931.15 Taverniera abyssinica (Leguminosae), dingetegna (Amharic) 44031.16 Civettictis civetta: source of civet zebad (Amharic) 44031.17 Conclusion 44032 Aromatic Plants from Reunion Island (France) 443Anne Bialecki and Jacqueline Smadja32.1 Introduction 44332.2 Aromatic plant production: economic data 44332.3 Extraction techniques used in Reunion Island 44432.4 Analysis of essential oils and plant headspace in the Chemistry Laboratory of Natural Substances and Food Sciences 44532.5 Identification of volatile compounds at the Chemistry Laboratory of Natural Substances and Food Sciences 44632.6 Conclusion 45133 Anti-Parasitic Activity of Essential Oils and their Active Constituents against Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania 455Joanne Bero, Salomé Kpoviessi and Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq33.1 Introduction 45533.2 Essential oils 45533.3 Compounds isolated from essential oils 46033.4 Discussion and conclusion 46034 Metabolomic Analysis of a Commercially Important Aromatic Plant from the Indian Ocean: Vanilla planifolia 471Tony L. Palama34.1 Introduction 47134.2 Vanilla description 47134.3 Vanilla metabolomics 47334.4 Other future prospects 47534.5 Conclusions 47635 Natural Dyes for Photonics Applications 479M. Maaza35.1 Introduction 47935.2 Nonlinear optical properties of natural dyes: X(3) and optical limiting applications 47935.3 Linear optical properties of natural dyes: Gratzel dye solar cells 48535.4 Conclusion 49136 The Host Innate Immune Response to Propionibacterium acnes and the Potential of Natural Products as Cosmeceutical Agents 495Marco Nuno de Canha, Smeetha Singh and Namrita Lall36.1 The skin and its function 49536.2 The impact of skin disorders with focus on acne 49536.3 Propionibacterium acnes: is it the culprit? 49536.4 Acne vulgaris (acne) 49636.5 The activation of innate and adaptive immune system 49736.6 The host immune response to infection by Propionibacterium acnes 49836.7 Conventional treatments available for acne vulgaris 49936.8 Potential of natural products to treat acne vulgaris 50036.9 The importance of the emergence of plant life on Earth 50136.10 A proposed stepwise approach from plant extract to cosmeceutical product 50137 New Natural Aromatic Products: Search, Evaluation and the Development Issues 507Murray Hunter37.1 Introduction 50737.2 The family of natural aromatic extracts 50737.3 The search and screening process 50837.4 Sources of potential plant opportunity identification 50937.5 The characteristics and classification of natural aromatic materials 51037.6 Evaluating the characteristic strengths and weaknesses of natural aromatic materials 51237.7 The development issues 51237.8 Conclusion 522Index 525

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