Nonlinear Elasticity and Hysteresis

Dr H. Alicia Kim is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, UK and an affiliate at the Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory. She received her PhD degree in Aeronautical Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia in 2001. Her research expertise includes numerical methods of finite element formulation and their applications in nonlinear hysteretic materials and optimisation of aerospace structures. She has authored more than 12 international publications. Professor Robert Guyer received his PhD degree from Cornell University in 1966. He is the author of more than 200 refereed journal articles. His area of expertise includes transport in disordered systems, quantum crystals, nonlinear elasticity, granular media as well as time reversal methods in geophysics. In addition to his career at the University of Massachusetts (Amherst) he has had appointments at Research Center Julich, Harvard, U of Toronto, U of Florida, Cornell, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and in several industrial research labs.

• Preface XIList of Contributors XV1 Dynamic Pressure and Temperature Responses of Porous Sedimentary Rocks by Simultaneous Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy and Neutron Time-of-Flight Measurements 1James A. TenCate, Timothy W. Darling, and Sven C. Vogel1.1 Introduction and Background 11.2 Macroscopic Measurements 31.2.1 Stress-Strain Measurements 31.2.2 Temperature Variations 41.2.3 Moisture Content Variations 51.2.4 Vibrational Excitation Variations 61.3 Motivation for Neutron Scattering Measurements 71.4 SMARTS: Simultaneous Stress–Strain and Neutron Diffraction Measurements 91.5 HIPPO: Simultaneous Step-Temperature Modulus/Sound Speed and Neutron Diffraction Measurements 121.5.1 Sample 131.5.2 Sample Cell 141.5.3 Procedure 151.5.4 Results 161.5.5 Comparison/Reference Measurements 191.6 Discussion and Conclusions 21Acknowledgments 23References 232 Adsorption, Cavitation, and Elasticity in Mesoporous Materials 27Annie Grosman and Camille Ortega2.1 Experimental Evidence of Collective Effects During Evaporation 282.1.1 Porous Vycor Glass 282.1.2 Porous Silicon 302.1.3 SBA-15 Silica 312.2 Adsorption-Induced Strain 332.3 Thermodynamics of the Solid–Fluid Interface 342.3.1 The Solid–Vapor Interface 372.3.2 The Solid–Liquid Interface 402.4 Stress Effect on the Adsorption Process 432.4.1 Supported and Free Standing Porous Si Layers 432.4.2 Monitoring of the External Stress 452.5 Cavitation in Metastable Fluids Confined to Linear Mesopores 472.5.1 The Elemental Isotherms 472.5.2 Si/A/B and Si/B/A Configurations 482.5.2.1 Si/A/B Configuration 492.5.2.2 Si/B/A Configuration 502.5.3 Nature of the Nucleation Process 512.5.3.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 512.5.3.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation and Elastic Strain 52References 553 Theoretical Modeling of Fluid–Solid Coupling in Porous Materials 57Robert Alan Guyer and Hyunsun Alicia Kim3.1 Introduction 573.2 Systems and Models 573.3 Problems 603.3.1 Systems of Interest 623.3.2 Quantities of Interest 623.4 Mechanical Response to Applied External Forces 633.5 Fluid in the Skeleton 663.6 Fluid in the Pore Space 733.7 Summary and Conclusion 76References 794 Influence of Damage and Moisture on the Nonlinear Hysteretic Behavior of Quasi-Brittle Materials 81Jan Carmeliet4.1 Nonlinear, Hysteretic, and Damage Behavior of Quasi-Brittle Materials 814.2 Macroscopic Damage Model for Quasi-Brittle Materials 854.3 Preisach-Mayergoyz (PM) Model for Nonlinear Hysteretic Elastic Behavior 884.4 Coupling the Macroscopic Damage Model and Damage-Dependent PM Model: Algorithmic Aspects 934.5 Moisture Dependence of Hysteretic and Damage Behavior of Quasi-Brittle Materials 944.5.1 Moisture-Dependent Mechanical Experiments 964.5.2 Moisture-Dependent Damage and PM Model 99Acknowledgment 102References 1025 Modeling the Poromechanical Behavior of Microporous and Mesoporous Solids: Application to Coal 105Matthieu Vandamme, Patrick Dangla, Saeid Nikoosokhan, and Laurent Brochard5.1 Modeling of Saturated Porous Media 1075.1.1 Macroporous Media 1085.1.2 Generic (and Potentially Microporous) Media 1105.1.3 Mesoporous Media 1125.2 Application to Coal Seams 1145.2.1 Modeling of a Representative Elementary Volume of a Coal Seam 1165.2.2 A Source of Hysteresis: The Kinetics of Transfer Between Cleats and Coal Matrix 1195.2.3 Simulating an Injection of Carbon dioxide in a Coal Seam 1225.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 124References 1256 A Theoretical Approach to the Coupled Fluid–Solid Physical Response of Porous and Cellular Materials: Dynamics 127Mark W. Schraad6.1 Introduction 1276.1.1 Traditional Modeling Approaches 1286.1.2 A Unifying Theoretical Approach 1306.2 Theoretical Approach 1316.2.1 Single-Field Equations and the Ensemble Averaging Process 1336.2.2 Multifield Equations 1346.3 Closure Models 1356.3.1 Reynold’s Stress and Body Forces 1366.3.2 Material Stress Gradients 1366.3.2.1 Momentum Exchange 1376.3.2.2 Fluid-Field and Solid-Field Stresses 1386.3.2.3 Solid Matrix Constitutive Models 1396.4 Demonstration Simulations 1396.5 Concluding Remarks 149References 1507 Swelling ofWood Tissue: Interactions at the Cellular Scale 153Dominique Derome, Jan Carmeliet, Ahmad Rafsanjani, Alessandra Patera, and Robert Alan Guyer7.1 Introduction 1537.2 Description of Wood 1547.3 Absorption of Moisture in Wood 1557.4 Swelling of Wood Tissue – Investigations by Phase Contrast Synchrotron X-Ray Tomographic Microscopy 1567.4.1 Behavior of Homogeneous Tissues 1587.5 Parametric Investigation of Swelling of Honeycombs – Investigation by Hygroelastic Modeling 1617.5.1 Simulation Methodology 1627.5.2 Layered Cell Wall 1637.5.3 Effects of Geometric Variations 1657.6 Beyond Recoverable Swelling and Shrinkage: Moisture-Induced Shape Memory 1677.7 Discussion 1687.7.1 On the Origin of Hysteresis of Sorption as a Function of Relative Humidity 1687.7.2 On the Effects on Moisture Sorption 168Acknowledgment 169References 1698 Hydro-Actuated Plant Devices 171Khashayar Razghandi, Sebastien Turcaud, and Ingo Burgert8.1 Introduction 1718.2 General Aspects of Plant Material–Water Interactions 1738.2.1 Principle Mechanics: Stress and Strain 1738.2.2 Water as an Engine 1748.2.2.1 Inflation 1748.2.2.2 Swelling 1768.2.3 Plant Cell Walls 1778.2.4 Cell Wall–Water Interaction 1798.2.4.1 Swelling/Shrinkage of Wood 1808.2.5 Principles of Anisotropic Deformation 1818.3 Systems Based on Inner Cell Pressure – Living Turgorized Cells 1828.3.1 Cell Growth – Turgor: Plastic Deformation of the Cell Wall 1828.3.2 Movement via Elastic Deformation of the Cell Wall 1828.3.2.1 Stomatal Movement 1838.3.2.2 Venus Flytrap: A Turgor-Based Rapid Movement 1848.4 Systems Based on Water Uptake of Cell Walls 1858.4.1 Bilayered Structures for Bending 1858.4.1.1 Passive Hydro-Actuation in Pine Cones 1868.4.1.2 Wheat Awns Hydro-Actuated Swimming Movement 1878.4.2 Bilayered Structures for Twisting Movements 1888.4.2.1 Curling of Erodium Awns 1888.5 Systems Based on a Differential Swelling of Cell Wall Layer 1908.5.1 Tension Wood Fibers 1908.5.2 Contractile Roots 1918.5.3 Ice Plant Seed Capsule 1928.5.3.1 Ice Plant Capsule Opening as a Case Study for the Capacity of Water as a Plant Movement Actuator 1948.6 Biomimetic Potential 195Acknowledgments 197References 197Index 201