Networks and Telecommunications

Martin P. Clark is a freelance consultant in telecommunications, IT, business management and strategy. A veteran of the public telecommunications services industry, Martin planned international telephone networks for British Telecom International in the early 1980s – when it was still part of the UK Post Office. Having experienced the privatisation of British Telecom and market deregulation in the UK, Martin moved to Germany in the early 1990s, where he wrote the business plan and project managed the first fixed network competitor to Deutsche Telekom. The company became Vodafone Germany. Since the late 1990s, Martin has been involved in a number of successful technology start-ups, as well as a NASDAQ IPO, and amassed a huge breadth of technological experience, covering data networking, broadband, radio and mobile networks. Martin works as an independent consultant in telecommunications, IT and business strategy.

• SummaryPart 1 Fundamentals of telecommunications networks 1Part 2 Modern telephone networks 211Part 3 Modern data networks 339Part 4 Multimedia networks 437Part 5 Running a network 475Part 6 Setting up networks 741Part 7 Specific Businesses and networks 777Preface xxiAbout the Author xiiiAcknowledgements xvPart 1 Fundamentals of Telecom Networks 11 Information and its Conveyance 31.1 Types of Information 61.2 Telecommunications Systems 61.3 A Basic Telecommunications System 71.4 Common Types of Telecommunications Systems 81.5 Networks 91.6 Connection-oriented Transport. Service (COTS) and Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) 111.7 Circuit-, Packet- and Cell-switched Networks 121.8 Considerations for Network Planners 141.9 Technical Standards for Telecommunications Systems 152 Introduction to Signal Transmission and the Basic Line Circuit 172.1 Analogue and Digital Transmission 172.2 Telegraphy 192.3 Telephony 212.4 Received Signal Strength, Sidetone and Echo 232.5 Automatic Systems: Central Battery and Exchange Calling 242.6 Real Communications Networks 273 Long-haul Communication 293.1 Attenuation and Repeaters 293.2 Line Loading 313.3 Amplification 323.4 Two-and Four-wire Circuits 353.5 Equalization 363.6 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 373.7 Crosstalk and Attenuation on PDM Circuits 414. Data and the Binary Code System 434.1 The Binary Code 434.2 Electrical Representation and Storage of Binary Code Numbers 444.3 Using the Binary Code to Represent Textual Information 454.4 Morse Code 464.5 Baudot Code (Alphabet IA2) 464.6 ASCII 474.7 EBCDIC 494.8 Use of the Binary Code to Convey Graphical Images 494.9 Facsimile 494.10 Digital Transmission 525 Digital Transmission and Pulse Code Modulation 555.1 Digital Transmission 555.2 Pulse Code Modulation 575.3 Quantization 605.4 Quantization Noise 615.5 Time Division Multiplexing 615.6 Higher Bit Rates of Digital Line Systems 645.7 Digital Frame Formatting and ‘Justification’ 655.8 Interworking the 2Mbit/s and 1.5 Mbit/s Hierarchies 605.9 Synchronous Frame Formatting 705.10 Line Coding 715.11 Other Line Codes and their Limitations 746 The Principles of Switching 776.1 Circuit-switched Exchanges 776.2 Call Blocking within the Switch Matrix 826.3 Full and Limited Availability 836.4 Fan-in-Fan-out Switch Architecture 866.5 Switch Hardware Types 886.6 Stronger Switching 886.7 Crossbar Switching 966.8 Reed Relay Switching 1006.9 Digital Switching 1016.10 Packet and Cell Switches 1067 Setting up and Clearing Connections 1097.1 Alerting the Called Customer 1097.2 Automatic Networks 1107.3 Set Up 1107.4 Number Translation 1157.5 Unsuccessful Calls 1177.6 Inter-exchange and International Signalling 1187.7 The R2 Signalling System 1217.8 R2 Line Signalling 1227.9 Compelled or Acknowledged Signalling 1267.10 R2 Inter-register, Multi-frequency Code (MFC) Signalling 1277.11 Digital Line Systems and Channel-associated Signalling 1317.12 Signalling Interworking 1327.13 Advanced Signalling Applications 1337.14 Signalling Sequance Diagrams 1337.15 Call Set-up and Information Transfer in Data Networks 1367.16 Network Interfaces: UNI, NNI, INI, ICI, SNI 1377.17 Information Transfer in Connectionless Networks 1398 Transmission Systems 1418.1 Audio Circuits 1418.2 Standard Twisted Pair Cable Types for Indoor Use 1438.3 Transverse Screen and Coaxial Cable Transmission 1438.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 1458.5 HDSL (High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) and ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subseiber Line) 1488.6 Optical Fibres 1488.7 Radio 1538.8 Radio Wave Propagation 1558.9 Radio Antennas 1578.10 Surface-wave Radio Systems 1618.11 High Frequency (HF) Radio 1618.12 Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio 1618.13 Microwave Radio 1638.14 Tropospheric Scatter 1668.15 Satellite Systems 1678.16 ‘Multiple Access’ Radio and Satellite Systems 1728.17 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and ElectromagneticCompatibility (EMC) 1759 Data Network Principles and Protocols 1779.1 Computer Networks 1779.2 Basic Data Conveyance: Introducing the DTE and the DCE 1789.3 Modulation of Digital Information over Analogue Lines Using a Modem 1809.4 High Bit Rate Modems 1819.5 Modem ‘constellations’ 1829.6 Computer-to-network Interfaces 1869.7 Synchronization 1899.8 Bit Synchronization 1909.9 Character Synchronization: Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transfer 1919.10 Handshaking 1929.11 Protocols for Transfer of Data 1939.12 The Open Systems Interconnection Model 1949.13 Data Message Format 1999.14 Implementation of Layered Protocol Networks 2019.15 The Use of Null Layers 2049.16 Other Layered Protocols 2049.17 Data Network Types 2059.18 Point-to-point Data Networks 2059.19 Circuit-switched Data Networks 2069.20 Packet-switched Data Networks 2079.21 Practical Computer Networks 209Part 2 Modern Telephone Networks 21110 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 21310.1 The Concept of ISDN 21310.2 Bearer, Supplementary and Teleservices 21410.3 ISDN Interfaces and End-user Applications 21510.4 Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 21610.5 The S/T Interface Specification 21610.6 Use of the Basic Rate Interface 21910.7 ISDN Terminals 22110.8 Primary Rate Interface 22210.9 The Public Network and ISDN 22410.10 Deployment of ISDN 22510.11 The Marketing of ISDN and the Early User Benefits 22610.12 Network Interworking 22710.13 Companies’ Private ISDNs (Corporate ISDN) 22710.14 Broadband Services over ISDN 22911 Intelligent Networks and Services 23111.1 The Concept of Intelligent Networks 23111.2 Intelligent Network Architecture 23211.3 The Service Control Point (SCP) 23311.4 The Service Switching Point (SSP) 23411.5 The Service Management System (SMS) and Service Creation Environment (SCE) 23411.6 Benefits of Intelligent Networks 23511.7 Intelligent Network (IN) Services 23511.8 Calling Card 23611.9 Freephone Service (or 800 Service) 23711.10 900 Service 23911.11 Centrex Service and Virtual Private Network 23911.12 Line Information Database (LIBD) 24111.13 Televoting 24311.14 Cellular Radio Telephone Service 24411.15 Network Intelligence and PBXs 24511.16 Voicemail and Voice Response Systems 24611.17 Considerations Before Introducing IN to a Network 24811.18 The Future of Intelligent Networks 24812 Signalling System No. 7 24912.1 SS7 Signalling between Exchanges 24912.2 SS7 Signalling Networks 25112.3 The Structure of SS7 Signalling 25312.4 The Message Transfer Part (MTP) 25412.5 The User Parts of SS7 25612.6 The Telephone User Part (TUP) 25712.7 The Data User Part (DUP) 25812.8 The Integrated Services User Parts (ISUP) 25812.9 The Enhanced Telephone User Part (TUP+) 25812.10 The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 25812.11 Transaction Capabilities (TC) 26112.12 The Mobile Application Part (MAP) 26312.13 Operation and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP) 26312 14 Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) 26412.15 The Use and Evolution of CCITT7 Signalling 26412.16 Signalling Network Planning and Testing 26512.17 Interconnection of SS7 Networks 26613 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous  Optical Network (SONET) 26713.1 History of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDII) 26713.2 The Problems of PDH Transmission 26713.3 The Multiplexing Structure of SDII 27013.4 The Tributaries of SDH 27313.5 Path Overhead 27613.6 Section Overhead (SOH) 27613.7 Network Topology of SDH Networks 27713.8 Optical Interfaces for SDH 27813.9 Management of SDH Networks 27813.10 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) 27913.11 SDII and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 28014 Operator Assistance and Manual Services 28114.1 Manual Network Operation 28114.2 Semi-automatic·Telephony 28214.3 Ca1ling the Operator 28714.4 Operator Privileges 28814.5 Typical Assistance Services 28914.6 Cooperation between International Operators: Code 11 and Code 12 Services 29114.7 A Modern Operator Switchroom 29314.8 Operator Assistance on Telex Networks 29414.9 Operator Assistance on Data Networks 29415 Mobile Telephone Networks15.1 Radio Telephone Service 29715.2 Cellular Radio 29915.3 Making Cellular Radio Calls 30315.4 Tracing Cellular Radio Handsets 30415.5 Early Cellular Radio Networks 30515.6 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 30715.7 GSM Technology 30815.8 Personal Communications Network (PCN) and DCS- 1800 31115.9 Aeronautical and Maritime Mobile Communication8 Services 31315.10 Tridium, Globalstar and the Evolution Towards the Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS) 31416 Cordless Telephony and Radio in the Local Loop (RILL) 31916.1 The Drive for Radio in the Local Loop 31916.2 Fixed Networks Based on Radio Technology 32016.3 Cordless Telephones 32116.4 Telepoint or Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2) 32216.5 DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephony) 32316.6 DECT Handover 32516.7 The Radio Relay Station Concept in DECT 32516.8 The DECT Air Interface (D3-intcrface) 32616.9 Other ISDN Wireless Local loop Systems 32816.10 Shorthaul Point-to-multipoint (PMP) Microwave Radio 32817 Fibre in the Loop (FITL) and Other Access Networks 32917.1 Fibre Access Networks 32917.2 Fibre to the Building (FTTB) 32917.3 Fibre to the Curb (FTTC) 33017.4 Fibre to the Home (FTTH)     33l17.5 Broadband Passive Optical Network 33117.6 Access Network Interfaces 33217.7 ETSI V5 Interfaces 33317.8 V5.2 Interface 33517.9 V5.1 Interface 33617.10 Significance of the V5.x Interfaces 33617.11 Re-use of Existing Copper Access Networks 33717.12 IIDSL (High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line) 33717.13 ADSI. (Asymmmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 33717.14 Hybrid Fibre/Coax (HFC) Networks 338Part 3 Modern Data Networks 33918 Packet Switching 34118.1 Packet Switching Basics 34118.2 Transmission Delay in Packet-switched Networks 34318.3 Routing in Packet-switched Networks 34418.4 ITU-T Recommendation X.25 34618.5 The Technical Details of X.25 34818.6 X.25 Link Access Procedure (LAP and LAPB) 34818.7 X.25 Packet Level Interface (Layer 3 Protocol) 35018.8 Typical Parameter Default Settings Used in X.25 Networks 35418.9 Packet Assembler/Disassemblers (PADs) 35518.10 ITU-T Recommendation X.75 35818.11 When X.25 Packet Switching May and May Not Be Used 36018.12 Alternatives to X.25-based Packet Switching 36118.13 IBM’s ‘Systems Network Architecture’ 36118.14 APPN (Advanced Peer-to-peer Networking) 36619 Local Area Networks (LANs) 36719.1 The Emergence of LANs 36719.2 LAN Topologies and Standards 36719.3 CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3, ISO 8802.3): Ethernet 36919.4 Token Bus (IEEE 802.4, ISO 8802.4) 37119.5 Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) 37219.6 Logical Link Control for LANs 37419.7 LAN Operating Software and LAN Servers 37419.8 Interconnection of LANs: Bridges, Routers and Gateways 37520 Frame Relay 37920.1 The Throughput Limitations of X.25 Packet Switching 37920.2 The Need for Faster Response Data Networks 38120.3 The Emergence and use of Frame Relay 38320.4 Frame Relay UNI 38320.5 Frame Relay SVC Service 38420.6 Congestion Control in Frame Relay networks 38420.7 Frame Relay NNI 38620.8 Frame Format 38620.9 Address Field Format 38720.10 TTU-T Recommendations Pertinent to Frame Relay 38820.11 FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device) 38821 Campus and Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 39121.1 Fibre Distributed Data Interface 39121.2 Switched Multimega bit Digital Services (SMDS) 39421.3 The Demise of MANs 39822 Electronic Mail, Internet and Electronic Message Services 39922.1 Videotext 39922.2 Electronic Mail (e-mail) 40022.3 Addressing Schemes for Electronic Mail 40222.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of e-mail 40322.5 EDI: Corporate Communication with Customers and Suppliers via e-mail 40422.6 Internet 40522.7 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 40722.8 Common Applications Using TCP/IP 40822.9 The Internet Protocol 41022.10 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 41022.11 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 41022.12 Online Database Services 41023 The Message Handling System (MHS) 41323.1 The Need for MHS 41323.2 The Concept of MHS 41323.3 The MHS Model 41423.4 Layered Representation of MHS 41723.5 The Structure of MHS Messages and MHS Addresses 41923.6 MHS Management Domains 42023.7 MHS and the OSI Directory Service 42123.8 Message Conversion and Conveyance Using MHS 42123.9 Setting Up a Message Handling System 42223.10 File Transfer Access and Jv1anagcment (FTAM) 42423.11 Summary 42424 Mobile and Radio Data Networks 42524.1 Radiopaging 42524.2 Mobile Data Networks 42924.3 TETRA (Trans-European Trunked Radio System) 43124.4 Wireless LANs 43224.5 Radiodetermination Satellite Services (RDSS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) 436Part 4 Multimedia Networks 43725 Broadband, Multimedia Networks and the B-ISDN 43925.1 Multimedia Applications: the Driver for Broadband Networks 43925.2 Video Communication 44125.3 The Emergence of the B-ISDN 44125.4 The Services to be Offered by B-ISDN 44125.5 The Emergence of the ATM Switching Technique as the Heart of ATM 44225.6 Connection Types Supported by B-ISDN 44325.7 User Device Connection to B-ISDN 44625.8 Evolution to Broadband-ISDN 44926 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 45126.1 A Flexible Transmission Medium 45126.2 Statistical Multiplexing and the Evolution of Cell Relay Switching 45226.3 The Problems to be Solved by Cell Relay 45326.4 The Technique of Cell Relay 45426.5 The ATM Cell Header 45526.6 The Components of an ATM Network 45626.7 The ATM Adaption Layer (AAL) 45826.8 ATM Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths 45826.9 User, Control and Management Planes 45926.10 How is a Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) Set Up? 46026.11 Signalling Virtual Channels and Meta-signalling Virtual Channels 46126.12 Virtual Channel Identifiers (VCIs) and Virtual Path Identifiers (VPIs) 46226.13 Information Content and Format or the ATM Cell Header 46426.14 ATM Protocol Layers 46526.15 The ATM Transport Network 46526.16 Capability of the ATM Adaption Layer (AAL) 46726.17 Protocol Stack when Communicating via an ATM Transport Network 46826.18 ATM Protocol Reference Model (PRM) 46926.19 ATM Forum Network Reference Model 47126.20 ATM Forum Network Management Model 472Part 5 Running A Network 47527 Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) 47727.1 The Problems of Managing Networks 47727.2 Network Provisioning 47927.3 Umbrella Network Management Systems 48027.4 The Q3-interface, the Common Management Information Protocol (CIMP) and the Concept of Managed Objects (MO) 48327.5 The ISO Management Model 48527.6 TMN Management Function Model 48627.7 The Network Management Forum (NMF), OMNI point and SPIRIT 48727.8 Realization of a TMN 48727.9 Example of Early TMN Realization 48827.10 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 48927.11 Summary of TMN Benefits 48927.12 Telecommunications Intelligent Network Architecture (TINA) 49028 Network Routing, Interconnection and Interworking 49128.1 The Need for a Network Routing Plan 49128.2 Network Routing Objectives and Constraints 49428.3 The Administration or Routing Table 49728.4 Routing Protocols Used in Modern Networks 49928.5 Network Topology State and the ‘Hello State Machine’ 50028.6 Signalling Impact upon Routing and Call Set-up Delays 50328.7 Plausibility Check During umber Analysis 50428.8 Network Interconnection 50428.9 Network Interconnection Services 50528.10 Interconnect 50628.11 Equal Access 50628.12 Number Portability 50728.13 Shared Use of Access Network Ducts and Cables 50728.14 Pitfalls of Interconnection 50828.15 The Point of Interconnection and Collocation 50828.16 The Interconnection Contract 50928.17 Interworking 51029 Network Numbering and Addressing Plans 51329.1 The International Telephone Numbering Plan 51329.2 International Public Data Network Address Scheme 52029.3 Escape Codes 52129.4 Telex Network Numbering Plan (ITU-T F.69) 52429.5 X.500: The Addressing Plan for the Message Handling Service (MHS) 52429.6 Internet Addressing Scheme 52529.7 Internet e-mail (STMP) Addresses 52629.8 Network Addresing Schemes Used in Support ofBroadband-ISDN and ATM 52730 Teletraffic Theory 52930.1 Telecommunications Traffic 52930.2 Traffic Intensity (Circuit-switched Networks) 53030.3 Practical Traffic Intensity (Erlang) Measurement 53130.4 The Busy Hour 53330.5 The Formula for Traffic Intensity 53530.6 The Traffic-carrying Capacity of a Single Circuit 53630.7 Dimensioning Circuit-switched Networks 53930.8 Example Route Dimensioning 54230.9 Call Waiting Systems 54330.10 Dimensioning Data Networks 54630.11 Pollaczek–Khinchine Delay Formula 55030.12 Practical Dimensioning of Networks 55130.13 Appendix: The Derivation of Erlang’s Formula 55131 Traffic Monitoring and Forecasting 55531.1 Measuring Network Usage 55531.2 Usage Monitoring in Circuit-Switched Networks 55631.3 Traffic Intensity 55631.4 Total Usage Monitoring 55831.5 Number of Calls Attempted 56031.6 Number of Calls Completed 56131.7 Monitoring Usage of Data Networks 56231.8 Forecasting Models for Predicting Future Network Use 56431.9 Fitting the Forecasting Model 56731.10      Other Forecasting Models 56932 Network Traffic Control 57132.1 Networks 57132.2 Sizing Circuit-switched Networks 57232.3 Hierarchical Network 57332.4 Overflow or ‘Automatic Alternative Routing’ (AAR) 57732.5 Wilkinson Rapp Equivalent Random Method 57932.6 Dimensioning ‘Final Routes’ 58132.7 Trunk Reservation 58132.8 ‘Crankback’ or ‘Automatic Re-routing’ (ARR) 58432.9 Proportionate Bidding Facility (PBF) 58532.10 Dynamic Routing 58532.1·1 Routing and Traffic Control in Data Networks 58632.12 Network Design 58832.13 Appendix: The Wilkinson -Rapp Route Dimensioning Method 59033 Practical Network Transmission Planning 59333.1 Network Transmission Plan 59333.2 Send and Receive Reference Equivalents 59433.3 Connection Reference Points and Overall Reference Equivalent 59633.4 Measuring Network Loss 59833.5 Correcting Signal Strength 59933.6 The Control of Sidetone 60233.7 The Problem or Echo 60233.8 Echo Control and Circuit Instability 60333.9 Signal (or ‘Propagation’) Delay 60633.10 Noise and Crosstalk 60733.11 Signal Distortion 60833.12 Transmission Plan for Digital and ‘Data’ Networks 60933.13 International Transmission Plan 61233.14 Private Network Transmission Plan 61333.15 Circuit and Transmission System Line-up 61333.16 Network Resource Management 61333.17 Circuit Provisining Planning 61533.18 New Cable Planning 61633.19 Local Line Planning 61833.20 Trunk and International Line Planning 62333.21 Radio Transmission Systems 62333.22 Satellite Transmission Management 62834 Quality of Service (QOS) and Network Performance (NP) 63334.1 Framework for Performance Management 63334.2 Quality: A Marketing View 63534.3 Quality of Service (QOS) and Network Performance (NP) 63634.4 Quality of Service Parameters 64034.5 Generic Network Performance Parameters 64034.6 Performance Monitoring Functions of Modern Networks 64234.7 Network Performance Planning and Measurement 64234.8 A Few Practical Tips 64634.9 Summary 64635 Charging and Accounting for Network Use 64735.1 Recompense for Network Use 64735.2 Customer Subscription Charges 64835.3 Customer Usage Charges 64835.4 Pulse Metering 64935.5 Electronic Ticketing 65235.6 Accounting 65235.7 Route Destination Accounting 65435.8 Charging and Accounting on Data Networks 65535.9 Charging and Accounting for Manual (Operator) Assistance 65635.10 Charging and Accounting for Leased Circuits 65735.11 Charging Payphone Calls 65735.12 Customer Billing 65735.13 Setting Customer Charges and Accounting Rates 65835.14 Network Costs and How to Recharge Them 66035.15 Future Accounting and Charging Practices 66236 Maintaining the Network 66336.1 The Objectives of General Maintenance 66336.2 Maintenance Philosophy 66336.3 Maintenance Organization 66536.4 Centralized Operation and Maintenance 66636.5 Lining Up Analogue and Mixed Analogue/Digital Circuits 66736.6 High Grade Data Circuit Line-up 67136. 7 Lining C p Digital Circuits 67336.8 Performance Objectives 67436.9 Maintenance ‘Access Points’ 67536.10 Localizing Network Faults 67636.11 Hardware Faults 67936.12 Software Fault 67936.13 Change Control Procedure for Hardware and Software 68037 Containing Network Overload 68337.1 The Effect of Congestion 68337.2 Network Monitoring 68437.3 Network Management Controls 68737.4 Expansive Control Actions 68837.5 Restrictive Control Actions 69137.6 Network Management Systems 69438 Network Economy Measures 69538.1 Cost Minimization 69538.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 69638.3 Time Division Multiplexing (FDM) 69838.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 69938.5 Circuit Multiplication Equipment (CME) 69938.6 Speech Interpolation and Statistical Multiplexing 69938.7 Analogue Bandwidth Compression and Low Rate Encoding of PCM 70338.8 Data Multiplexors 70638.9 Data Compression 70738.10 Practical Uses of CME 70738.11 Constraints on the Use of CME 70939 Network Security Measures 71139.1 The Trade-off between Confidentiality and Interconnectivity 71139.2 Different Types of Protection 71239.3 Encryption 71339.4 Network Access Control 71339.5 Path Protection 71439.6 Destination Access Control 71539.7 Specific Technical Risks 71639.8 Carelessness 71739.9 Call Records 71839.10 Mimicked Identity 71839.11 Radio Transmission, LANs and Other Broadcast-type Media 71839.12 EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) 71939.13 Message Switching Networks 71939.14 Other Types of Network Abuse 72040 Technical Standards for Networks 72340.1 The Need for Standards 72340.2 Worldwide International Standards Organizations 72440.3 Regional and National Standards Organizations 72740.4 Regulatory Standards Organizations 73240.5 Other Standards-promoting ‘Fora’ 73440.6 Proprietary Standards 73640.7 The Structure and Content of ITU-T Recommendations 738Part 6 Setting Up Networks41 Building, Extending and Replacing Networks 74341.1 Matching Network Capacity to Forecast Demand 74341.2 Other Factors Affecting the Need for New Exchanges 74841.3 Factors in Determining an Exchange Provision Programme 74941.4 Determining a Strategy for Network Evolution 75041.5 Comparison of Strategy Options 75441.6 Exchange Design and Specification 75441.7 Outline Circuit-switched Design: Circuit Numbers and Traffic Balance 75641.8 Outline Design of Other Types of Network 75941.9 The Effect of Low Circuit Infill on Exchange and Lineplant Planning 75941.10 Functional Requirements of Exchanges or Line Systems 76041.11 Methods of Network or Exchange Modernization 76042 Selecting and Procuring Equipment 76342.1 Tendering for Equipment 00042.2 Project Managment 00042.3 Procurement Policy 00042.4 Planning Documentation 00042.5 The Tender Document 00042.6 Summary 000Part 7 Specific Businsses and Networks 77743 Meeting Business Needs and Creating Competitive Edge 77943.1 Content of an IT Strategy 77943.2 The Study of Information Flows 78043.3 The Tactical Development Plan 78643.4 Business Applications of IT 78743.5 Summary 79244 Network Regulation and Deregulation 79344.1 Reasons for Deregulation 79344.2 The Dilemma of Deregulation 79544.3 Optional Methods of Regulation 79744.4 Types of Regulatory Bodies 79744.5 Designation of ‘Customer Premises Equipment’ (CPE) 79844.6 Deregulation of Value-added Services 79844.7 Competition in Basic Services 79944.8 The Instruments of PTO Regulation 80044.9 European Telecommunications Deregulation 80244.10 Instruments of United Kingdom Regulation 80644.11 United States Telecommunications Regulation 80944.12 Other Countries 81345 Corporate Networks 81545.1 Telecommunications Management 81545.2 Premises Cabling Schemes 81645.3 Office Computer Networking 81945.4 Private: Networks 82045.5 Architecture of Private Networks 82245.6 Planning Private Network 82445.7 A Word or Warning 82845.8 PTO Leased Circuit Offerings 82845.9 Making Use of Mobile Radio Technology 82946 Public Networks and Telecommunications Service Providers 83146.1 Company ‘Mission’ 83146.2 Identifying and Addressing the PTO’s market 83246.3 PTO Product Development 83446.4 PTO Business Development 836Bibliography 839Glossary of Terms 849Glossary of Abbreviations 865ISO Two-Letter Country Code Abbreviations (ISO 3166) 890Index 895

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