Natural Philosophy

From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty

Inbunden, Engelska, 2019

AvPaul Thagard,University of Waterloo) Thagard, Paul (Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy

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Paul Thagard uses new accounts of brain mechanisms and social interactions to forge theories of mind, knowledge, reality, morality, justice, meaning, and the arts. Natural Philosophy brings new methods for analyzing concepts, understanding values, and achieving coherence. It shows how to unify the humanities with the cognitive and social sciences. How can people know what is real and strive to make the world better? Philosophy is the attempt to answer general questions about the nature of knowledge, reality, and values. Natural Philosophy pursues these questions by drawing heavily on the sciences and finds no room for supernatural entities such as souls, gods, and possible worlds. It provides original accounts of the traditional branches of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.Rather than reducing the humanities to the sciences, this book displays fertile interconnections that show that philosophical questions and artistic practices can be much better understood by considering how human brains operate and interact in social contexts. The sciences and the humanities are interdependent, because both the natural and social sciences cannot avoid questions about methods and values that are primarily the province of philosophy.This book belongs to a trio that includes Brain-Mind: From Neurons to Consciousness and Creativity and Mind-Society: From Brains to Social Sciences and Professions. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2019-03-21
Mått239 x 157 x 30 mm
Vikt680 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
SerieOxford Series on Cognitive Models and Architectures
Antal sidor360
FörlagOUP USA
ISBN9780190678739

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Preface Acknowledgments 1. Philosophy Matters Why Philosophy?What is Philosophy?Issues and Alternatives: Ways of PhilosophizingElements of Natural PhilosophyOverview of This BookSummary and DiscussionNotes to Chapter 1: Philosophy Matters2. Mind Mental Processes Issues and Alternatives Neural Mechanisms Semantic Pointers Inference to the Best Explanation to Multilevel Materialism Philosophical Objections Consciousness Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 2: Mind Chapter 3. Knowledge Minds and Knowledge Issues and Alternatives What is Knowledge? The Growth of Knowledge Justification Probability Knowledge is Social Conceptual Change and the Brain Revolution Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 3: Knowledge 4. Reality Make Reality Great Again Issues and Alternatives Existence Truth Space and Time Groups and Society Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 4: Reality 5. Explanation Knowledge Meets Reality Issues and Alternatives Styles of Explanation Emotional and Social Aspects of Explanation Causality Reduction and Emergence Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 5: Explanation 6. Morality Right and Wrong Issues and Alternatives Values Moral Emotions Objective Values and Rational Emotions Needs The Needs of Others Empathy Conflicting Needs and Ethical Coherence Why is There Evil? Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 6: Morality 7. Justice From Morality to Justice Issues and Alternatives Just Societies: Needs Sufficiency Just Governments Just Social Change Basic Income Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 7: Justice 8. Meaning Language and Life Issues and Alternatives Language and Mental Representation The Meanings of Life The Meaning of Death Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 8: Meaning 9. Beauty and Beyond Aesthetics Issues and Alternatives Beauty in Painting Other Emotions in Painting Creativity in Painting Beauty in Music Other Emotions in Music Creativity in Music Empathy in Literature and Film Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 9: Beauty and Beyond 10. Future Philosophy Looking Backwards and Forwards Free Will Mathematical Knowledge and Reality Non-Humans: Animals and Machines Summary and Discussion Notes to Chapter 10: Future Philosophy References Index

Thagard embraces what he calls the "three analysis" method-i.e., providing exemplars, typical features, and explanations. He applies this methodology extensively throughout the text to philosophical questions related to such topics as mind, knowledge, reality, morality, meaning, and beauty. Though this strategy "does not yield answers that reign with unchallengeable certainty," as Thagard writes in chapter 1, it does provide answers-or, better, hypotheses that are consistent with a metaphysics based in scientific realism and an epistemology based in reliable coherentism.

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