FREDERICK DOUGLASS was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey in 1818 on a farm in Talbot County, Maryland. Enslaved from birth, he taught himself to read and write as a boy. At age twenty he escaped to Massachusetts with the help of his future wife, Anna Murray, a freeborn black woman. Adopting the surname Douglass (from an exiled nobleman in Sir Walter Scott’s poem The Lady of the Lake), he became prominent in the abolitionist movement and in 1845 published the first of three autobiographies, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. It was followed by My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881; rev. 1892). In 1847, a group of British supporters purchased his freedom; five years later, he delivered a fiery address titled “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” that cemented his reputation as one of the greatest orators of his day. After the Civil War, he moved to Washington, D.C., and served in a succession of government posts. He died there on February 20, 1895. William L. Andrews is E. Maynard Adams Professor of English at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is general editor of Wisconsin Studies in Autobiography and The Literature of the American South: A Norton Anthology, and co-editor of The Oxford Companion to African American Literature and The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Other works include the Norton Critical Edition of Up From Slavery; The Literary Career of Charles W. Chesnutt; To Tell a Free Story: The First Century of Afro- American Autobiography, 1760–1865; Sisters of the Spirit; The Curse of Caste by Julia C. Collins; Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave; and Slave Narratives after Slavery. William S. McFeely is Abraham Baldwin Professor of the Humanities, Emeritus, at the University of Georgia. He is the author of Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen; Grant: A Biography, for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Parkman Prize; Frederick Douglass, which received the Lincoln Prize; Sapelo’s People: A Long Walk into Freedom; and Proximity to Death.
