Nanotechnology Innovations for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture

Zia Ur Rehman Mashwani, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Shah Fahad, Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Ilyas Ahmad, Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Shah Saud, College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China. Sajid Fiaz, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Pakistan. Taufiq Nawaz, Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.

• List of Contributors xixForeword xxvPreface xxvii1 Overview of Nanotechnology in Food Security and Agriculture: Introduction, Current Status, and Concerns 1Muhammad Anas, Waseem Ahmed Khattak, Aliza Falak, Afshan Farid, Muhammad Majeed, Sadia Riaz, Shah Fahad, and Umar Masood Quraishi1.1 Introduction 11.2 Nanoparticles as a Growth-Stimulating Element of Sustainable Agriculture 41.3 Current Status on Food and Agriculture Nanotechnology 61.3.1 Current Status on Food Nanotechnology 61.3.1.1 Food Processing 71.3.1.2 Food Packaging 71.3.2 Current Status on Agriculture Nanotechnology 81.4 Toxicological Fundamentals and Risk Assessment 91.4.1 Exposure Routes and Interactions 91.4.2 Nanotoxicology Mechanisms 101.4.3 Data Generating and Analysis 101.5 Frontier Topics 111.5.1 Perspectives on Biosynthesized and Bioinspired Nanomaterials 121.5.1.1 Biosynthesized Nanomaterials 121.5.1.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials 131.5.2 Regulation and Legislation 141.5.2.1 Recent Updates 151.5.2.2 Limitation and Urgent Need for Legislation 151.5.3 Public Awareness and Acceptance 161.6 Future Perspective 171.7 Conclusions 18References 182 Integrating Nanobased Engineering Advances to Enhance Crop Yields and Optimize Food Production Systems 23Nawab Ali, Younsuk Dong, Jalal Bayar, Muhammad Mehran Anjum, Abdul Haq, Gul Roz Khan, and Rovaid Ali2.1 Introduction to Nanobased Engineering in Agriculture 232.1.1 Importance of Nanobased Engineering in Modern Agriculture 252.1.2 Key Concepts and Definitions 252.2 Nanomaterials for Enhanced Soil Health 262.3 Nano-Enhanced Crop Protection 282.3.1 Types of Nano-Enhanced Crop Protection 292.4 Nanotechnology in Irrigation Systems 302.5 Advancements in Crop Improvement 312.6 Integration of Nanotechnology with Precision Agriculture 332.7 Case Studies and Practical Applications 342.8 Challenges and Limitations 352.8.1 Scientific and Technical Challenges 352.8.1.1 Lack of Understanding of Nanoparticle–Plant Interactions 352.8.1.2 Controlled Release and Targeting Issues 352.8.1.3 Stability and Shelf Life of Nanoformulations 352.8.1.4 Variability in Efficacy Across Different Crops and Soil Types 362.8.2 Regulatory and Safety Challenges 362.8.2.1 Lack of Standardized Regulations and Guidelines 362.8.2.2 Inadequate Risk Assessment Protocols 362.8.2.3 Public Perception and Ethical Concerns 362.8.3 Economic and Commercialization Barriers 362.8.3.1 High Cost of Nanomaterial Production 362.8.3.2 Limited Market Availability and Adoption 362.8.3.3 Compatibility with Existing Farming Practices 362.9 Future Prospects and Research Directions 372.10 Conclusion 38References 393 Development of Nanofertilizers for Soil Health and Fertility 43Waseem Ahmed Khattak, Muhammad Majeed, Sudenaz Soylu, Afshan Farid, Sadia Riaz, Muhammad Anas, and Shah Fahad3.1 Introduction 433.2 Scope and Importance of Nanofertilizers 463.3 New Innovations in the Development of Nanofertilizers 463.3.1 Design and Formulation of Nanofertilizers 473.3.1.1 Absorption of NPs 483.3.1.2 Attachment to NPs 483.3.1.3 Entrapment of Polymeric NPs 483.4 Encapsulation in Nanoparticulate 483.4.1 Characteristics of Nanofertilizers 493.4.2 Controlled Release and Targeted Delivery 503.5 Modes of Application 503.5.1 In Vitro Techniques 513.5.2 In Vivo Methods 513.6 Role of Nanofertilizers in Soil 523.7 On Soil Chemistry 543.8 Soil Microbes 553.9 Limitations Regarding the Use of Nanofertilizers 553.9.1 Pros and Cons of NFs 563.10 Future Perspectives 583.11 Conclusion 59References 614 Nano-Biofortification of Cereal Crops 65Annika Jahan Aonti, Md. Yousuf Ali, Most. Sirajum Munira, Md. Zubair Al Islam, and Akbar Hossain4.1 Introduction 654.2 Mechanisms of Nano-Biofortification 664.2.1 Nanoparticle-Based Controlled and Slow Release: Nutrient Delivery Systems 664.2.2 Nanoencapsulation of Fertilizers 674.2.3 Nanomaterial-Mediated Improved Soil Interaction 674.2.4 Nanostructured Micronutrient Fortification 674.2.5 Improved Plant Stress Resistance 684.3 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Biofortification 684.3.1 Nanoparticles 684.3.2 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles 694.3.3 Nanofertilizers 694.3.4 Macronutrient Nanofertilizers 694.3.5 Nanoemulsion 704.4 Applications in Cereal Crops 704.4.1 Cereals 704.5 Benefits of Nano-Biofortification in Cereal Crops 724.5.1 Improved Nutrient Uptake and Bioavailability 724.5.2 Improved Crop Yield and Quality 744.5.3 Reduction in Fertilizer Wastage and Environmental Impact 744.5.4 Improved Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 744.5.5 Improving Overall Soil Health 754.5.6 Potential for Sustainable Agriculture 754.6 Challenges of Nano-Bioprotection in Cereal Crops 754.6.1 Safety Concerns and Potential Toxicity of Nano-Biofortification 754.6.2 Cost and Economic Feasibility 764.6.3 Lack of Standardized Regulations 764.6.4 Limited Field-Based Research 774.6.5 Public Perception and Acceptance 774.7 Studies and Field Trials 774.8 Future Directions and Research Needs 814.9 Conclusion 82References 835 Role of Nanomaterials in Improving Oil Yield and Quality of Oilseeds Crops 93Zohaib Younas, Ilyas Ahmad, Faiz Ullah, and Zia ur Rehman Mashwani5.1 Introduction of Nanomaterials in Oilseed Crops 935.2 Mechanisms of Action of Nanomaterials 955.3 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Oilseed Crops 985.4 Impact of Oil Yield 1015.5 Improvement of Oil Quality 1015.6 Challenges and Limitations 1025.7 Field Applications and Case Studies 1055.8 Future Directions and Research Needs 1065.9 Conclusion 106References 1076 Next-Generation Agriculture with Nanopesticides and Fungicides 115Md. Parvez Kabir, Md. Taharat Al Tauhid, Md. Nasir Uddin, Nipa Rani Paul, Tahmina Iasmin, and Akbar Hossain6.1 Introduction 1156.2 Overview of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides 1166.3 Types of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides in Agricultural Applications 1176.3.1 Nanoemulsion 1186.3.2 Encapsulation of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides 1186.3.3 Nanocapsules 1196.3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 1196.3.5 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1196.3.6 Biodegradable Nanoformulations 1196.3.7 Hybrid Nanomaterials 1206.4 Mechanisms of Action of Nanopesticides and Nanofungicides 1206.4.1 Enhanced Penetration and Targeted Action 1206.4.2 Controlled Release of the Active Ingredient 1216.4.3 Physical Disruption of Pest and Pathogen Cells 1216.4.4 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 1216.4.5 Interference with Biological Utilization 1236.4.6 Targeted Delivery and Selectivity 1236.4.7 Synergism with Biological Agents 1246.4.8 Interference of Nanostructure with Fungal Hyphae 1246.5 Challenges and Limitations 1246.5.1 Environmental Impact and Ecotoxicity 1246.5.2 Regulatory Barriers 1256.5.3 Toxicity and Safety 1256.5.4 High Production Cost 1256.5.5 Limited Commercial Availability 1256.5.6 Knowledge Gaps and Limited Field Data 1266.5.7 Nanoparticle Stability and Degradation 1266.5.8 Consumer Perception and Acceptance 1266.5.9 Intellectual Property and Patent Issues 1266.6 Field Applications and Case Studies 1276.6.1 Application of Nanopesticides in Cotton Farming 1276.6.2 Nano-Silver as Fungicides in Tomato and Strawberry Crops 1276.6.3 Nanoparticles for Controlling Fungal Diseases 1286.6.4 Nanoemulsion for Rice Pest Management 1286.7 Future Directions and Innovations 1306.7.1 Smart and Responsive Nanoformulations 1306.7.2 Nanobiopesticides and Biocompatible Nanoformulations 1306.7.3 Nanosensors for Pest and Disease Diagnostics 1316.7.4 Nanofertilizer and Pesticide Combinations 1316.7.5 Global Market and Regulatory Scenario 1316.7.6 Integration with Precision Agriculture 1316.8 Conclusion 132References 1327 The Role of Nanomaterials in Modern Plant Disease Management 141Sajid Hussain, Naveed Iqbal Raja, Zohaib Younas, Chudary Sadam Hussain, and Zia ur Rehman Mashwani7.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials in Plant Disease Management 1417.2 Mechanisms of Nanomaterials in Disease Management 1437.3 Types of Nanomaterials for Disease Control 1447.3.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials 1447.3.2 Biogenic Nanomaterials 1457.3.3 Polymeric Nanomaterials 1457.3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 1487.3.5 Nanomaterial-Based Delivery Systems 1487.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Plant Disease Management 1487.4.1 Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics 1487.4.2 Enhancing Plant Immunity 1487.4.3 Nanotechnology in Disease Diagnosis 1497.4.4 Delivery Mechanisms for Pesticides and Nutrients 1497.4.5 Sustainable Agricultural Practices 1497.5 Benefits of Using Nanomaterials 1497.5.1 Enhanced Nutrient Delivery 1507.5.2 Improvement in Crop Yield and Quality 1507.5.3 Pest and Disease Management 1517.5.4 Environmental Remediation and Sustainability 1517.5.5 Innovations in Crop Engineering 1517.5.6 Real-Time Monitoring and Precision Agriculture 1517.6 Challenges and Limitations 1517.6.1 Toxicity and Safety Concerns 1527.6.2 Regulatory Hurdles and Commercialization 1527.6.3 Variability in Efficacy 1527.6.4 Knowledge Gaps Along the Nanomaterial Lifecycle 1527.6.5 Economic Considerations 1527.7 Field Applications and Case Studies 1537.8 Future Directions and Research Needs 1547.9 Conclusion 154References 1558 Revolutionizing Fruit and Vegetable Farming: Nanotechnology from Soil to Shelf 163Muhammad Nauman Khan, Barkat Ullah, Alevcan Kaplan, Nasir Assad, Marzia Batool Laila, Tooba, Sana Wahab, Amjad Ali, Shah Fahad, and Majid Iqbal8.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology in Agriculture 1638.2 Nanotechnology for Soil Improvement 1648.3 Precision Agriculture and Nanotechnology 1688.4 Innovations in Pest and Disease Management 1728.5 Enhancing Crop Yield and Quality 1758.6 Harvesting and Postharvest Processing 1788.7 Conclusions 183References 1849 Role of Nanotechnology in Increasing the Shelf Life of Fruits 195Sanam Ashraf, Nirma Mubeen, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Muhammad Anas, and Shah Fahad9.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology in Food Preservation 1959.2 Mechanisms of Nanotechnology for Shelf-Life Extension 1979.3 Nanomaterials for Food Packaging 1989.3.1 Nanocoatings and Films 1999.3.2 Active and Intelligent Packaging 1999.3.3 Silver Nanoparticles and Antimicrobial Action 2019.3.4 Nanocarriers for Antioxidants and Nutrient Retention 2019.3.5 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Fruit Preservation 2029.3.6 Application of Nanotechnology in Fruit Storage 2039.3.7 Nano-Edible Coatings for Fruits 2039.3.8 Activing Packaging Technology Preserve the Quality of Fruits 2059.3.9 Nanosensors for Monitoring Fruits and Vegetables Quality 2059.3.10 Case Study: Nanotechnology in the Preservation of Fruits 2069.3.11 Nanotechnology in the Preservation of Citrus Fruits 2079.3.12 Benefits of Nanotechnology for Fruits Shelf Life 2089.3.13 Challenges and Limitations 2099.3.14 Conclusion and Future Prospect 211References 21210 Harnessing Nanoherbicides and Insecticides for Eco-Friendly Solutions: Advancing Green Agriculture 221Syeda Anber Zahra, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Aimen Fatima, Muhammad Anas, Tabassum Yaseen, Akhtar Munir, Tariq Mahmood, and Shah Fahad10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Nanoherbicides and Insecticides for Eco-Friendly Solutions: Advancing Green Agriculture 22310.3 Principles of Nanoherbicides and Nanoinsecticides 22610.3.1 Nanoemulsion 22610.3.2 Nanoencapsulation 22710.3.3 Nanoparticles 22910.3.4 Nanogels 23010.3.5 Electrospun Nanofibers 23010.3.6 Silica 23110.4 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Nanoherbicides and Nanopesticides 23110.4.1 Nanoemulsions 23110.4.2 Nanoparticles 23110.4.3 Nanogels and Nanofibers 23210.4.4 Nanocarriers 23210.5 Benefits of Nanoherbicides and Insecticides 23210.6 Challenges to Nanoherbicides and Insecticides 23410.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 235References 23611 Development and Application of Nano-Biosensors for Better Stress Management in Crops 245Ilyas Ahmad, Zia Ur Rehman Mashwani, Zohaib Younas, Tayyaba Yousaf, Nazia, Ayesha Unzila, Zuha Fatima, and Waqar Ahmad11.1 Introduction 24511.2 Stress Management for Sustainable Agriculture 24611.3 Abiotic Stress 24811.3.1 Drought Stress 24811.3.2 Salinity Stress 24911.3.3 Extreme Temperature 25011.4 Biotic Stress 25011.4.1 Fungal Stress 25011.4.2 Pest Attack 25011.5 Impact of Stress on Plants 25111.5.1 Effect on Quality 25111.5.2 Effect on Growth 25111.5.3 Effect on Yield 25111.6 Methods for Sensing Pathogenic Fragment/Stress in Plants 25211.7 Classification of Nano-Biosensors 25211.7.1 Electrochemical Biosensor 25211.7.2 Piezoelectric Nanosensors 25311.7.3 Chemi-Resistive Sensors 25411.7.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanosensors 25411.7.5 Fiber-Optic Biosensors (FOBS) in Plant Nanobionics 25511.8 Application of Nanosensor in Plants 25611.9 Role of Nano-biosensors in Plant Stress Detection 25911.9.1 Nano-biosensors 25911.9.2 Principles of Working 25911.9.3 Mechanism of Nano-Biosensors 26111.10 Detection of Physiological Responses 26211.10.1 Molecular Oxygen Detection 26211.10.2 Adenosine Triphosphate Detection 26311.10.3 Calcium(Ca 2+) Ions Detection 26311.10.4 ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) Detection 26311.10.5 Plant Hormones Detection 26411.11 Plant Pathogen Detection (Biotic Stress) 26411.11.1 Plant Disease Detection Caused by Abiotic Stress 26611.11.2 Nano-Biosensors in Drought Stress 26611.11.3 Nano-Biosensors in Extreme Temperature Stress 26611.11.4 Nano-Biosensors in Salinity Stress 26711.11.5 Nano-Biosensors in Heavy Metal Stress 26711.11.6 Nano-Biosensors in Detecting Contaminants 26711.11.7 Early Stress Detection 26811.12 Conclusion 26911.13 Summary 270References 27012 Nano-Based Applications for Veterinary and Dairy Production 293Saba Fatima, Asghar Khan, Arfan Yousaf, Sadaf Anees, Asma Ayoob, and Ramzan Khan12.1 Introduction 29312.2 Nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine 29412.2.1 Diagnosis 29512.2.2 Prevention 29612.2.3 Treatment 29712.3 Therapeutics and Drug Delivery 29912.3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 29912.3.2 Bioavailability 30012.3.3 Controlled and Sustained Release Systems 30112.3.4 Toxicity 30212.3.5 Theragnostic 30212.3.6 Cross-Biological Barriers 30312.3.7 Shelf Life of Therapeutic Agents 30412.3.8 Antimicrobial Activity 30412.3.9 Anti-inflammatory Agent 30512.4 Nanotechnology in Parasitology 30612.5 Nanotechnology in Dairy Production 30712.6 Benefits of Nano-Based Applications 30912.6.1 Food Industry 30912.6.2 Agricultural Advancements 31012.6.3 Environmental Protection 31112.6.4 Medicine 31112.7 Case Studies and Real-World Applications 31212.7.1 Antihyperglycemic Activity of Green Silver Nanoparticles in Diabetic Rats 31212.7.2 Nanoparticles for Treatment of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis 31212.7.3 Silver Nanoparticles for Treatment of Canine Distemper 31312.7.4 Photothermal Therapy Using Gold Nanorods for Treatment of Mammary Gland Tumor in a Cat 31412.7.5 Nanovaccine for Cystic Echinococcosis in Dogs 31412.7.6 LTAC Nanoparticles for Treating Feline Herpesvirus-1 Infections 31512.7.7 Reproductive Performance of Goats Treated with Nanoconjugated Gonadorelin 31512.7.8 Biological Curcumin Nanoparticles for Growth and Health Improvement in Japanese Quails 31612.7.9 Elemental Nano-Selenium for Feed Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation in Sheep 31612.7.10 Nanoselenium Supplementation for Lactating Dairy Cows 31712.8 Challenges and Considerations 31712.9 Conclusion 318References 31913 Role of Nanotechnology for Better Food Preservation 329Muhammad Nauman Khan, Barkat Ullah, Nasir Assad, Marzia Batool Laila, Tooba, Sana Wahab, Alevcan Kaplan, Amjad Ali, Shah Fahad, and Syed Mukaram Shah13.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology in Food Preservation 32913.2 Principles of Nanotechnology in Food Preservation 33013.3 Nanocoatings for Food Preservation 33313.4 Nanoencapsulation Techniques 33513.5 Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 33613.6 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials 34013.7 Nanosensors for Food Quality Monitoring 34213.8 Environmental and Safety Considerations 34313.9 Challenges and Limitations 34613.10 Conclusion and Recommendations 348References 34914 Nanoencapsulation Approaches in Food Processing and Packaging 357Sharjeel Haider, Nosheen Mirza, Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq, Khadija Bibi, Venuste Munyaneza, Ayaz Ali, Iftikhar Ali Ahmed, Muhammad Mehran, Sidra Sohail, Asma Zafar, Dua e Zainab, and Sara Rauf14.1 Introduction to Nanoencapsulation 35714.2 Principles of Nanoencapsulation 35814.2.1 Size and Surface Properties of Nanocarriers 35814.2.2 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability 35914.2.3 Release Mechanism 36014.2.4 Types of Nanocarriers 36014.2.5 Targeted Delivery 36114.3 Methods of Nanoencapsulation 36114.3.1 Solvent Evaporation Method 36114.3.2 Nanoprecipitation (Solvent-Displacement Method) 36214.3.3 Electrospinning Method 36314.3.4 High-Pressure Homogenization 36414.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Technology (SCF) 36414.4 Application of Nanoencapsulation in Food Processing: Nutrient Delivery, Flavor, and Aroma Retention 36514.4.1 Nutrient Delivery and Bioavailability Enhancement 36514.4.2 Flavor and Aroma Retention 36614.5 Application of Nanoencapsulation in Food Packaging 36714.5.1 Active Packaging System 36714.5.2 Antimicrobial Packaging and Its Substances 36714.5.3 Antioxidant Packaging 36814.5.4 Intelligent Packaging System 36914.5.5 Time–Temperature Indicators (TTIs) 36914.5.6 Freshness Indicators 37114.5.7 Biosensors and Gas Sensors 37114.5.8 Improvement of Mechanical and Barrier Properties 37214.5.9 Edible Nanocoatings 37214.6 Benefits of Nanoencapsulation in Food Processing and Packaging 37214.6.1 Enhanced Bioavailability and Nutrient Absorption 37314.6.2 Keeping Our Food Safe – Nanomaterials Style 37314.6.3 Extension of Shelf Life and Food Safety 37314.6.4 Development of Functional and Smart Foods 37314.7 Challenges and Limitations of Nanoencapsulation in Food Processing and Packaging 37414.7.1 Safety Concerns and Toxicity 37414.7.2 High Production Costs 37414.7.3 Stability and Storage Issues 37514.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 375References 37615 Potential Health Risks Associated with Nanoparticles 385Zakir Ullah, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Shumaila Ijaz, Rooma Waqar, Akhtar Munir, Muhammad Nasir Hussain, Tariq Mahmood, Shah Fahad, and Naila Ijaz15.1 Introduction 38515.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 38615.2.1 Classification 38715.2.1.1 Metal Nanomaterials 38715.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 38715.2.3 Bimetallic Nanomaterials 38715.2.4 Composite Nanomaterials 38715.2.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 38715.2.6 Zeolite and Silica-Based Nanomaterials 38815.2.7 Ceramic Nanomaterials 38815.3 Synthesis of NPs 38815.3.1 Functionalization of Nanomaterials 38815.3.2 Characterization of NPs 39015.3.2.1 Spectroscopic Techniques 39115.3.2.2 Size and Surface Area Analysis 39115.3.2.3 Optical and Molecular Characterization 39115.4 Properties 39215.4.1 Electronic Properties 39215.4.2 Optical Properties 39215.4.3 Magnetic Properties 39215.4.4 Mechanical Properties 39215.4.5 Thermal Properties 39215.4.6 Applications of NPs 39315.4.6.1 Applications in Drugs and Medications 39315.5 Toxicity of NP 39515.5.1 Mechanisms of Toxicity 39915.5.2 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Respiratory System 40115.5.3 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Nervous System 40215.5.4 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Endocrine System 40315.5.5 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Immune System 40415.5.6 Toxic Effects of NPs on the Reproductive System 40515.6 Specific Health Risks Associated with Different Types of NPs 40615.6.1 Carcinogenicity of NPs 40615.7 Occupational Health Risks 40815.8 Environmental Impact and Indirect Health Risks 40815.9 Conclusion 410References 41116 Cost–Benefit Analysis of Nanoagricultural Technologies 419Amir Abdullah Khan, Qamar Abbas, Rasheed Akbar, and Muhammad Ramzan16.1 Nanoagricultural Technologies 41916.2 Economic Costs of Nanoagricultural Technologies 42116.3 Potential Benefits of Nanoagricultural Technologies 42316.4 Social Impacts of Nanotechnological Technologies 42316.4.1 Economic Implications 42416.4.2 Workforce Transformations 42416.4.3 Social Equity 42416.4.4 Public Perception and Acceptance 42416.4.5 Risk Governance and Regulations 42416.5 Health Impacts of Nanotechnology 42516.5.1 Toxicity 42516.5.2 Exposure Pathways 42516.5.3 Target Organs and Systems 42516.5.4 Risk Assessment and Management 42616.5.5 Nanomedicines and Targeted Therapies 42616.6 Conclusion 42616.7 Future Recommendations 427References 42717 Ethical Safety and Regulatory Considerations in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 433Sameel Hassan, Nizakat Bibi, Waseem Ahmed Khattak, Amjid Khan, Sadia Riaz, Muhammad Anas, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Nasir Hussain, and Shah Fahad17.1 Introduction 43317.2 Ethical Concerns in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 43517.2.1 Potential Risks to Human Health and the Environment 43517.2.2 Equity and Accessibility in Agricultural Advancements 43617.2.3 Long-Term Sustainability and Impact on Small-Scale Farmers 43717.3 Safety Considerations in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 43817.3.1 Health Risks for Workers and Consumers 43817.3.2 Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials Used in Agriculture 43917.3.3 Strategies to Mitigate Risks 44017.3.4 Risk Assessment and Regulation 44017.3.5 Worker Safety and Protective Measures 44117.3.6 Consumer Protection and Labeling 44117.3.7 Environmental Monitoring and Cleanup 44117.3.8 Research and Public Awareness 44217.4 Regulatory Landscape in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 44217.4.1 Existing Regulations on Nanotechnology in Agriculture 44217.4.2 Gaps and Challenges in Current Regulatory Frameworks 44417.4.3 The Role of International Cooperation in Shaping Regulations 44517.5 Public Perception and Trust in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 44617.5.1 Role of Public Awareness and Education 44717.5.2 Importance of Transparency in Research and Development 44717.5.3 Balancing Innovation with Caution 44817.6 Future Directions in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 44917.6.1 Advancements in Regulatory Frameworks 44917.6.2 Ethical Guidelines for Future Nanotechnology Applications 45017.6.3 Collaboration Between Scientists, Policymakers, and the Public 45017.7 Conclusion 451References 452Index 461