Nanoscale Microwave Engineering

Charlotte Tripon-Canseliet is Associate Professor at University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), France. She has been involved in the research of microwave photonics for eight years, specifically in the design of ultrafast integrated devices. Her research interest focuses on state-of-the-art evolution of microwave photonics devices. Jean Chazelas is Scientific Director at Thales DMS (Defence Mission Systems) Division, UK. He is involved in the creation of international joint research laboratories and in numerous European and international projects and contracts in the field of microwaves, photonics and nanotechnologies.

• INTRODUCTION ixCHAPTER 1. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED MATERIALS AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH LIGHT 11.1. Review of main trends in 3D to 0D materials 11.1.1. Main trends in 3D materials for radio frequency (RF) electronics and photonics 11.1.2. Main trends in 2D materials for RF electronics and photonics 21.1.3. Review of other two-dimensional structures for RF electronic applications 51.1.4. Main trends in 1D materials for RF electronics and photonics 61.1.5. Other 1D materials for RF applications 91.1.6. Some attempts on 0D materials 131.2. Light/matter interactions 131.2.1. Fundamental electromagnetic properties of 3D bulk materials 141.2.2. Linear optical transitions 221.2.3. Bandgap engineering in nanomaterials: effect of confinement/sizing on bandgap structure 231.3. Focus on two light/matter interactions at the material level 261.3.1. Photoconductivity in semiconductor material 261.3.2. Example of light absorption in metals: plasmonics 45CHAPTER 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION AT NANOSCALE 512.1. State of the art of macroscopic material characterization techniques in the microwave domain with dedicated equipment 512.1.1. Static resistivity 512.1.2. Carrier and doping density 532.1.3. Contact resistance and Schottky barriers 552.1.4. Transient methods for the determination of carrier dynamics 562.1.5. Frequency methods for complex permittivity determination in frequency 572.2. Evolution of techniques for nanomaterial characterization 602.2.1. The CNT transistor 602.2.2. Optimizing DC measurements 602.2.3. Pulsed I-V measurements 612.2.4. Capacitance–voltage measurements 612.3. Micro- to nanoexperimental techniques for the characterization of 2D, 1D and 0D materials 62CHAPTER 3. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED COMPONENTS AND DEVICES 653.1. Photoconductive switches for microwave applications 673.1.1. Major stakes 673.1.2. Basic principles 673.1.3. State of the art of photoconductive switching 713.1.4. Photoconductive switching at nanoscale – examples 723.2. 2D materials for microwave applications 743.2.1. Graphene for RF applications 743.2.2. Optoelectronic functions 763.2.3. Other potential applications of graphene 773.3. 1D materials for RF electronics and photonics 783.3.1. Carbon nanotubes in microwave and RF circuits 783.3.2. CNT microwave transistors 793.3.3. RF absorbing and shielding materials based on CNT composites 823.3.4. Interconnects 83CHAPTER 4. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED SUBSYSTEMS 854.1. Sampling and analog-to-digital converter 854.1.1. Basic principles of sampling and subsampling 874.1.2. Optical sampling of microwave signals 894.2. Photomixing principle 894.3. Nanoantennas for microwave to THz applications 914.3.1. Optical control of antennas in the microwave domain 914.3.2. THz photoconducting antennas 914.3.3. 2D material-based THz antennas 924.3.4. 1D material-based antennas 924.3.5. Challenges for future applications 96CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 99C.1. Conclusions 99C.2. Perspectives: beyond graphene structures for advanced microwave functions 100C.2.1. van der Waals heterostructures 101C.2.2. Beyond graphene: heterogeneous integration of graphene with other 2D semiconductor materials 103C.2.3. Graphene allotropes 103BIBLIOGRAPHY 105INDEX 119