Nanomaterials for 2D and 3D Printing

Shlomo Magdassi is a professor of applied chemistry at the Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.His research focuses on formation, formulation and applications of micro and nanoparticles. These particles are used in delivery systems such as in cosmetics and pharmaceutics, and in inks, such as glass inks, conductive inks, 3D and 4D printing.Prof. Magdassi has authored more than 200 publications, 25 book chapters and he is the scientific editor of 4 books. In addition to his scientific publications, he also has over 60 inventions on applications of colloids in industrial products, which led to some industrial activities such as worldwide sales and establishing new companies. Alexander Kamyshny is a senior researcher of applied chemistry at the Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.His research focuses on colloid science, in particular on formation, stabilization and application of nanomaterials, especially metal nanoparticles and their utilization for conductive ink formulations and conductive coatings.Dr. Kamyshny has authored 80 publications, 9 book chapters and 11 patents. He is a member of editorial board of Scientific Reports and of various international scientific societies. In addition to the fundamental research, he performed a number of industrial R&D projects.

• List of Contributors xiii1 Printing Technologies for Nanomaterials 1Robert Abbel and Erwin R. Meinders1.1 Introduction 11.2 Ink Formulation Strategies 41.3 Printing Technologies 61.3.1 Inkjet Printing 71.3.1.1 Toward 3D Printing 101.3.2 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 111.3.2.1 Toward 3D Printing 131.3.3 Contact Printing Technologies 131.3.4 Photopolymerization 171.3.5 Powder Bed Technology 191.4 Summary and Conclusions 20References 202 Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials and Post-Processing 27Ingo Reinhold2.1 Introduction 272.2 Industrial Inkjet 282.3 Postprocessing of Metal-Based Inks for Conductive Applications 302.3.1 Mechanisms in Solid-State Sintering 322.3.2 Influence of Drying and Wet Sintering 342.3.3 Thermal Sintering 352.3.4 Chemical Sintering 352.3.5 Plasma Sintering 362.3.6 Sintering Using Electromagnetic Fields 372.3.6.1 Impulse Light Sintering 392.3.6.2 Microwave Sintering 402.3.6.3 Influence of the Substrate 412.4 Conclusion 42References 433 Electroless Plating and Printing Technologies 51Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Yelena Sverdlov, Stav Friedberg, and Avi Yaverboim3.1 Introduction 513.2 Electroless Plating – Overview 543.2.1 Electroless Plating – Brief Overview 553.3 Seed Layer Printing 573.4 Electroless Plating on Printed Parts 573.4.1 Methods and Approaches 593.4.1.1 Printed Pd Seed 593.4.1.2 Printed Ag Ink 603.4.1.3 Preseed Surface Modification 603.4.2 Electroless Metal Integration: Examples 603.5 Summary and Conclusions 63References 644 Reactive Inkjet Printing as a Tool for in situ Synthesis of Self-Assembled Nanoparticles 69Ghassan Jabbour, Mutalifu Abulikamu, Hyung W. Choi, and Hanna Haverinen4.1 Introduction to Reactive Inkjet Printing 694.2 RIJ of Self-Assembled Au NPs 704.3 Parameters Influencing the Growth of Au NPs 744.4 Simplifying the Approach (Single Cartridge) Using Single Cartridge Step 774.5 Further Progress toward Reduction of Fabrication Time (1 min) 774.6 Conclusion 79References 795 3D Printing via Multiphoton Polymerization 83Maria Farsari5.1 Multiphoton Polymerization 845.2 The Diffraction Limit 855.3 Experimental Setup 865.4 Materials for MPP 885.4.1 Introduction 885.4.2 Photoinitiators 885.4.3 Organic Photopolymers 895.4.4 Su- 8 905.4.5 Hybrid Materials 905.4.6 Applications 915.4.6.1 Metamaterials 915.4.6.2 Biomedical Applications 945.5 Conclusions 96References 966 High Speed Sintering: The Next Generation of Manufacturing 107Adam Ellis6.1 The Need for the Next Generation of Additive Manufacturing 1076.2 High Speed Sintering 1096.3 Machine Setup & Parameter Control 1096.4 Materials & Properties 1126.5 HSS for High-Volume Manufacturing 1136.6 Case Study: From Elite to High Street 1156.7 Opening the Supply Chain 1156.8 The Future of HSS and the Benefits of Inkjet 116References 1167 Metallic Nanoinks for Inkjet Printing of Conductive 2D and 3D Structures 119Alexander Kamyshny and Shlomo Magdassi7.1 Introduction 1197.2 Metallic Nanoinks: Requirements and Challenges 1207.3 Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal NPs for Conductive Nanoinks 1217.3.1 Synthesis 1217.3.2 Stabilization 1227.3.2.1 Stabilization Against Aggregation 1227.3.2.2 Stabilization Against Oxidation 1247.4 Formulation of Conductive Metallic Nanoinks 1257.5 Formation of 2D Conductive Structures: Printing and Sintering 1277.6 3D Printing of Conductive Patterns: Formation and Sintering 1347.7 Applications of Metallic Inkjet Nanoinks in Printed Electronics 1357.7.1 RFID Tags 1367.7.2 Thin-Film Transistors 1367.7.3 Electroluminescent Devices and Light-Emitting Diodes 1367.7.4 Transparent Conductive Electrodes 1377.7.5 Organic Solar Cells 1387.8 Outlook 139References 1408 Graphene- and 2D Material-Based Thin-Film Printing 161Jiantong Li, Max C. Lemme, and Mikael Östling8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Printing Procedures 1628.2.1 Ink Formulations 1628.2.2 Jetting and Patterns 1668.2.3 Drying 1668.2.4 Posttreatments 1718.3 Performance and Applications 1728.3.1 Transparent Conductors 1738.3.2 Micro-Supercapacitors 1738.3.3 Photodetectors 1748.3.4 Solar Cells 1768.4 Discussion and Outlook 177Acknowledgments 178References 1789 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 183Minxuan Kuang and Yanlin Song9.1 Introduction 1839.2 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 1849.2.1 Process of Inkjet Printing 1849.2.2 Inkjet Printing of Fine Controlled PC Dots and Lines 1869.2.2.1 Influence of the Ink Formulation 1869.2.2.2 Influence of Substrate Wettability 1889.2.2.3 Suppression of “Coffee-Ring” Effect 1939.3 Application of Printing of Photonic Crystals 1969.3.1 Photonic Crystal Patterns 1969.3.2 Printing Patterned Microcolloidal Crystals with Controllable 3D Morphology 1999.3.3 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Vapor Sensors 2019.3.4 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Chemical Detection 2019.4 Outlook 203References 20410 Printable Semiconducting/Dielectric Materials for Printed Electronics 213Sunho Jeong and Jooho Moon10.1 Introduction 21310.2 Printable Materials for Semiconductors 21310.3 Printable Materials for Dielectrics 21910.4 Conclusions 223References 22411 Low Melting Point Metal or Its Nanocomponents as Functional 3D Printing Inks 229Lei Wang and Jing Liu11.1 Introduction of Metal 3D Printing 22911.2 Low Melting Point Metal Ink 23011.2.1 Liquid Metal Printing Ink 23011.2.2 Nanoliquid Metal 23211.3 Liquid-Phase 3D Printing 23411.3.1 Fabrication Scheme 23411.3.2 Forming Principle of Metal Objects in Cooling Liquid 23511.3.3 Liquid-Phase Printing of Metal Structures 23611.3.4 Factors Affecting the Printing Quality 23711.3.5 Comparison Between Liquid-Phase Cooling and Gas-Phase Cooling 23811.3.6 Vision of the Future Liquid-Phase Printing 240Acknowledgment 241References 24112 Inkjet Printing of Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials 245Edward Song and Jin-Woo Choi12.1 Introduction 24512.2 Inkjet Printing of Polyaniline Nanomaterials 24612.2.1 Introduction 24612.2.2 Chemical Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Conductivity of Polyaniline 24612.2.3 Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 24912.2.4 Applications of Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 25012.3 Polypyrrole 25112.3.1 Properties and Synthesis of Polypyrrole (Ppy) Nanomaterials 25112.3.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Ppy Nanomaterials 25412.4 Polythiophene (Pth) and Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (pedot) 25812.4.1 Properties and Synthesis of Pth and PEDOT Nanomaterials 25812.4.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Pth Nanomaterials 25812.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 258References 26013 Application of Printed Silver Nanowires Based on Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 265Teppei Araki, Rajesh Mandamparambil, Jinting Jiu, Tsuyoshi Sekitani, and Katsuaki Suganuma13.1 Introduction 26513.2 Ag NW Transparent Electrodes 26613.2.1 Background 26613.2.2 Transparent Electrodes Formed from Ultra-Long Ag NWs 26713.3 Printed Ag NW Electrodes 26913.3.1 Fabrication and Properties of Stretchable Electrodes 26913.3.2 Ag NWs Printing by LIFT 26913.4 Summary 271References 27114 Inkjet Printing of Functional Polymers into Carbon Fiber Composites 275Patrick J. Smith, Elliot J. Fleet, and Yi Zhang14.1 Inkjet Printing 27514.2 Carbon Fiber Composites 27614.3 Mechanical Tests 27614.4 Printing and Sample Preparation 27714.5 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA Microdroplets 27814.6 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA and PEG Microdroplets 28314.7 Morphology of the Printed PMMA and PEG Droplets 28414.8 Printed Polymers for Intrinsic Repair of Composites 28614.9 Conclusions 288Acknowledgments 289References 28915 Inkjet-Printable Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Sensor Fabrication 293Niamh T. Brannelly and Anthony J. Killard15.1 Introduction 29315.2 Metallic Inks 29415.2.1 Gold 29415.2.2 Silver 29615.2.3 Copper, Nickel, and Alumina 29615.2.4 Metal Oxides 29715.3 Conductive Polymers 29815.3.1 Polyaniline 29915.3.2 Polypyrrole 30015.3.3 Prussian Blue 30115.3.4 Pedot 30215.4 Carbon Nanomaterials 30215.4.1 Graphene Oxide 30215.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 30415.5 Future Outlooks and Conclusions 308References 30816 Electrochromics for Printed Displays and Smart Windows 317Pooi See Lee, Guofa Cai, Alice L.-S. Eh, and Peter Darmawan16.1 Overview on Electrochromics 31716.1.1 Electrochromics for Green Buildings 31816.1.2 Electrochromics for Displays 32016.1.2.1 Solution Processing of Electrochromics 32216.1.2.2 Printing Techniques in Electrochromics 32416.2 Screen Printing 32416.3 Inkjet Printing 32616.4 Flexographic Printing 32916.5 Roll-to-Roll Printing 32916.6 Other Printing Methods 32916.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 330References 332Index 341