Nano- and Biomaterials

Zhypargul Abdullaeva is Assistant Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Kumamoto University in Japan. She has graduated with a PhD degree from Kumamoto University. She worked on the syntheses of carbon nanomaterials and their characterizations. She has obtained a high standard of teaching skills as she taught at various universities and at a variety of levels. Also she has contributed to improve teaching methods.Professor Abdullaeva has authored a number of scientific publications and has received the gold, silver and bronze Diploma Awards in the Chemistry Olympiads. She is also a member of the Japanese Ceramics Society, European Society of Biomaterials, and the Materials Research Society.

• Preface xi1 Introduction into Nano- and Biomaterials 11.1 Definition of Nano- and Biomaterials 11.2 History of Nano- and Biomaterials Application 11.3 Methods for Preparing of Nanomaterials 21.3.1 Mechanical Dispersion Methods for Nanomaterial Synthesis 21.3.2 Intensive Plastic Deformation Methods for Nanomaterial Synthesis 51.3.3 Obtaining of Nanomaterials by Mechanical Interaction of Various Mediums 81.3.4 Physical Dispersion Methods for Nanomaterials Preparation 91.3.5 Preparation of Nanomaterials by Evaporation–Condensation Method 101.3.6 Obtaining of Nanomaterials by Vacuum-Sublimation Technology 131.3.7 Obtaining of Nanomaterials by Using Solid Phase Transformations 141.3.8 Chemical Dispersion Methods for Nanomaterial Preparation 141.3.9 Obtaining of Nanomaterials by Using Chemical Reactions 151.3.10 Preparation of Nanomaterials by Electrochemical Methods 201.3.11 Preparation of Nanomaterials by Combinations of Physical and Chemical Transformations 211.4 Main Achievements in Nanotechnology 22Case Study 1: Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Environmental Safety Considerations 22Case Study 2: Property Control of Nanomaterials by Setting Experimental Conditions during Synthesis 23Control Questions: 23References 24Further Reading 252 Classification of Nanomaterials 272.1 Dispersive Systems andTheir Classifications 272.1.1 Classification of Dispersive Systems According to their Aggregation States 272.1.2 Classification of Dispersive Systems According to Size 282.1.3 Classification of Dispersive Systems According to Dimension 312.2 Fullerenes 322.2.1 History of Fullerenes 342.2.2 Tetrahedral Fullerenes 342.2.3 Icosahedral Fullerenes 422.2.4 Physical Properties of Fullerenes 472.3 Carbon Nanotubes 492.3.1 Types and Classification of Carbon Nanotubes 492.3.2 Mechanical Properties and Physical Parameters of Carbon Nanotubes 52Case Study 1: Comparison of Structural Characteristics between Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 54Control Questions 54References 55Further Reading 56Online Sources 563 Nanocomposite Materials and Their Physical Property Features 573.1 Nanocomposite Materials 573.2 Size Dependence as Nanomaterial Property 573.3 Thermodynamical Features of Nanomaterials 583.4 Phase Equilibrium Changes in Nano-sized Systems 603.5 Melting Temperature Changes in Nanomaterials 613.5.1 Polymorphic Characteristic Changes in Nanosystems 613.6 Structure of Nano-sized Materials 623.7 Crystal Lattice Defects in Nanomaterials 653.8 Microdistorsions of Crystal Lattice in Nanomaterials 663.9 Consolidation of Nano-sized Powders 68Case Study 1: Applications of Composite Nanomaterials Due toTheir Improved Mechanical Properties 74Control Questions 75References 76Further Reading 76Online Source 774 Mechanical Characteristics of Dispersive Systems 794.1 Dispersion Characteristics of Nanomaterials 794.1.1 Specific Surface Area 794.1.2 Size Distribution in Nanomaterials 804.1.3 Surface, Boundaries, and Morphology of Nanomaterials 894.1.4 Grain Boundaries in Nanomaterials 914.1.5 Morphology of Nanodisperse Particles 924.2 Electrical Properties of Nanomaterials 954.2.1 Change in Length of Electron Free Path in Nanomaterials 954.3 Electrical Conductivity in Nanomaterials 974.4 ElectronWork Function in Nanomediums 994.5 Superconductivity Phenomenon in Nanomaterials 101Case Study 1: Surfactant Effects on Dispersion Characteristics of Copper-Based Nanomaterials 105Case Study 2: Applications of Superconducting Nanomaterials 105Control Questions 106References 106Further Reading 1065 Physical Properties of Nanomaterials: Graphene 1095.1 Ferromagnetic Characteristics of Nanomaterials 1095.1.1 Substance in Single-Domain Condition 1095.1.2 Superparamagnetism in Nanoparticles 1115.1.3 Size Dependence on Coercive Force 1125.1.4 Size Dependence on Saturation Magnetization 1145.1.5 Size Dependence on Curie Temperature 1155.2 Thermal Property Features in Nanomaterials 1155.2.1 Size Dependence on Heat Conductivity 1165.2.2 Heat Conductivity of Crystal Lattice in Nanomaterials 1205.2.3 Debye Temperature in Nanomaterials 1215.3 Optical Characteristics of Nanomediums 1225.3.1 Light Scattering Features of Tiny Particles 1235.3.2 Extinction by Dielectric Nanoparticles 1255.3.3 Extinction in Metallic Nanoparticles 1285.3.4 Influence of Morphology and Polydispersity on Optical Properties of Nanomaterials 1315.4 Diffusion in Nanomaterials 1335.4.1 Diffusion in Nanopowders 1335.5 Graphene 1365.5.1 Structure of Graphene 1375.5.2 Electronic Properties of Graphene 1385.5.3 Topology of Hexagonal Lattice 1385.5.4 Physical Properties and Ionization Potential of Graphene 1395.5.5 Approaches in Graphene Synthesis 1415.5.6 Characterizations of Graphene 1425.5.7 Applications of Graphene 145Case Study 1: Structural Features of Graphene, Lattice Directions, Edge Location, Crystal Structure, and Energy in Reciprocal Space 145Control Questions 147References 148Further Reading 1496 Chemical Properties and Mechanical Characteristics of Nanomaterial Characterization Tools in Nanotechnology 1516.1 Chemical Properties of Nanomaterials 1516.1.1 Size Effects in Chemical Processes 1516.1.2 Oxidation Processes in Nanomediums 1536.1.3 Spontaneous Combustion and Pyrophoricity of Nanomediums 1576.1.4 Catalysis Involving Nanomaterials 1606.2 Mechanical Characteristics of Nanomaterials 1636.2.1 Hardness, Strength, and Plasticity in Nanomaterials 1636.2.2 Superplasticity Phenomenon in Nanomaterials 1706.3 Concept Map of Characterization Tools in Nanotechnology 1726.4 Diffraction Methods for Nanomaterial Characterization 1736.5 Microscopical Characterization of Nanomaterials 1746.5.1 TEM Characterization of Nanomaterials 1746.5.2 HRTEM Characterization of Nanomaterials 1776.5.3 AFM Characterization of Nanomaterials 1776.5.4 SEM Characterization of Nanomaterials 1786.6 Spectroscopical Characterization of Nanomaterials 1816.6.1 FT-IR Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials 1816.6.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials 182Case Study 1: Oxidation of Fe Nanoparticles 182Case Study 2: Microscopical Characterization of Nanomaterials and Sample Preparation 183Case Study 3: Nanomaterials Strength 184Control Questions 185References 185Further Reading 187Online Sources 1877 Introduction to Biomaterials 1897.1 Biomaterials: Subject, Purpose, and Problems 1897.1.1 Current Goals of Biomaterials Field 1897.2 General Requirements for Biomaterials 1907.3 Biomaterials in Body Systems 1917.4 Types and Classification of Biomaterials 1927.4.1 Metallic Biomaterials 1937.4.2 Composite Biomaterials 1997.4.3 Nanostructured CaP Composites 200Case Study 1: Mechanical Properties of Bone Cements and Tissue Interface Formation after Implantation 203Control Questions 204References 205Further Reading 2078 Properties of Biomaterials 2098.1 Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 2098.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 2098.1.2 Titanium Alloy with Self-Adjustable Young’s Modulus 2118.1.3 Wear Resistance of Biomaterials Used in the Living Body 2128.2 Biological Properties of Biomaterials 2158.2.1 In Vivo Tissue Biocompatibility 2158.3 Chemical Properties of Biomaterials 2208.3.1 Ceramic Biomaterials 2228.3.2 Polymer Biomaterials 230Case Study 1: Polymeric Biomaterials Used in Load-BearingMedical Devices 235Control Questions 236References 237Further Reading 2389 Implants and Artificial Organs 2399.1 Implants 2399.2 Types of Implants 2399.2.1 Intraocular Lenses 2399.2.2 Cochlear Implants 2419.2.3 Brain Implants 2429.2.4 Heart Implants 2439.2.5 Joint Implants 2469.2.6 Other Organ Replacement Implants 2479.3 Processes between Living Tissue and Implant Interface 249Case Study 1: Iris-Fixated Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation after Retinal Detachment Surgery: Long-Term Clinical Results 252Case Study 2: Cardiac Pacing Systems and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICDs): A Radiological Perspective of Equipment, Anatomy, and Complications 254Control Questions 255References 256Further Reading 25810 Tissue Engineering, Scaffolds, and 3D Bioprinting 25910.1 Definition of Tissue Engineering 25910.1.1 Biomaterials Used for Tissue Engineering 25910.1.2 Principles of Tissue Engineering 26010.1.3 Components of Tissue Engineered Constructs 26010.2 Scaffolds and Scaffolding 26210.2.1 Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering 26210.2.2 Tissue Engineering of Heart Valves 26410.3 3D Bioprinting 26610.4 Foreign Body Reaction 27110.4.1 Inflammatory Response Following Material Implantation 27310.4.2 Monocytes, Macrophages, and Foreign Body Giant Cells 27410.5 Wound Healing 275Case Study 1: Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering 275Case Study 2: Regulatory Considerations in the Design and Manufacturing of Implantable 3D Printed Medical Devices 276Control Questions 279References 279Further Reading 282Index 283