Multiple Voices

Carol Myers-Scotton is Carolina Distinguished Professor Emerita in the Linguistics Program and Department of English at the University of South Carolina. Her numerous publications include Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes (2002) and Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa (1993).

• Preface xAcknowledgments xii1 Introduction 1Multiple voices: The word from China 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Bilinguals and their languages 31.3 Views about bilinguals 31.4 Learning a second language 41.5 Where did bilingualism come from? 51.6 Linguists: What they know and don’t know 61.7 Why so many languages? 71.8 The rationale for many languages today 81.9 Attitudes about language 101.10 Linguistics and bilingualism 111.11 Why bilingualism matters to you 121.12 Bilingualism: Practical considerations 131.13 How the book is organized 131.14 Words and phrases to remember 152 What’s a Language? What’s a Dialect? What “Social Work” do they do? 16Multiple voices: The word from Italy 162.1 Introduction 162.2 What counts as a language? 172.3 Problems with mutual intelligibility 222.4 Dialects as groupings under a language 232.5 The written language and dialects 242.6 Identifying the standard dialect 252.7 Who speaks a dialect? 262.8 Summing up 332.9 Words and phrases to remember 343 Who is a Bilingual? What Factors Promote Bilingualism? 35Multiple voices: The word from Ecuador 353.1 Introduction 363.2 Who is a bilingual? 383.3 Defining bilingualism 443.4 Factors promoting bilingualism 453.5 Conditions of displacement 533.6 Summing up 653.7 Words and phrases to remember 664 Language Maintenance and Shift 67Multiple voices: The word from Algerians in France 674.1 Introduction 684.2 Three useful models of community organization 704.3 Allocation of varieties 764.4 Diglossia and domains 764.5 Maintenance or shift? 894.6 Representative case studies 914.7 The younger generation and bilingualism 1004.8 Separating language maintenance from cultural maintenance 1024.9 Summary on language maintenance and shift 1034.10 Summing up 1054.11 Words and phrases to remember 1065 Ideologies and Attitudes 107Multiple voices: The word from Papua New Guinea 1075.1 Introduction 1085.2 Language attitudes vs. language ideologies 1095.3 Power and the economy of language 1145.4 How languages identify groups 1155.5 Language attitudes 1205.6 Theoretical models and the expression of attitudes 1245.7 Language ideology 1355.8 Summing up 1405.9 Words and phrases to remember 1416 The Social Motivations for Language Use in Interpersonal Interactions 142Multiple voices: The word from Turks in the Netherlands 1426.1 Introduction 1436.2 Linguistic varieties as social indices 1456.3 More than meets the ear 1466.4 Language varieties absorb meanings from situations 1496.5 Speakers have their own motivations for choices, too 1506.6 Models to explain conversational choices 1536.7 What accommodation means 1556.8 Markedness Model: Another model of social motivations 1586.9 Code choices within a Conversation Analysis approach 1706.10 Summary on explaining bilingual conversations 1726.11 Summing up 1746.12 Words and phrases to remember 1747 Inter-cultural Communication 175Multiple voices: The word from Indians in England 1757.1 Introduction 1757.2 Languages are different and so are cultures 1777.3 Dividing up societies as individualistic or collectivistic 1797.4 High- and low-context messages 1827.5 Five areas of potential differences 1867.6 Is silence golden? 1867.7 Ideas about “good” conversational routines differ 1887.8 The faces of politeness 1937.9 How to ask for something in different cultures 1967.10 Cross-cultural ideas about power differentials 1997.11 Managing cross-cultural conflicts 2047.12 Summing up 2067.13 Words and phrases to remember 2078 Lexical Borrowing 208Multiple voices: The word from Kenya 2088.1 Introduction 2098.2 Lexical borrowing 2108.3 Cultural and core borrowings 2128.4 Core borrowings 2158.5 Less direct borrowings 2188.6 How borrowed words are integrated 2198.7 Morphological integration 2248.8 Nouns vs. other categories 2268.9 What borrowings can tell us 2308.10 Summing up 2318.11 Words and phrases to remember 2329 What Happens to Grammars in Bilingual Contacts 233Multiple voices: The word from Palestinians in the US 2339.1 Introduction 2339.2 Codeswitching 2399.3 A model for classic codeswitching 2419.4 How other approaches to codeswitching differ from the MLF model 2509.5 Singly occurring words as borrowings or codeswitches? 2539.6 Conclusions on singly occurring words in codeswitching 2579.7 Characterizing larger Embedded Language phrases in Matrix Language frames 2609.8 The 4-M model 2679.9 Convergence and attrition 2719.10 Creation of pidgins and creoles 2789.11 Pidgins 2789.12 Creoles 2809.13 Summing up 2879.14 Words and phrases to remember 28710 Pyscholinguistics and Bilingualism 288Multiple voices: The word from Hungary 28810.1 Introduction 28810.2 Themes in psycholinguistics and bilingualism 29210.3 Classifying bilinguals 29310.4 Validity and experimental methodologies 29410.5 The mental lexicon 29610.6 Levels of activation 29910.7 Testing for selective access 30110.8 Summary on experiments 30510.9 Models of language production 30610.10 Memory 31010.11 Bilingualism, the brain, and aphasia 31710.12 Summing up 32210.13 Words and phrases to remember 32211 Age of Acquisition and Success with a Second Language 323Multiple voices: Croatian-Australians in Australia 32311.1 Introduction 32311.2 Introducing child bilingualism 32511.3 Successes in child bilingualism studies 33111.4 But is bilingualism an advantage or a disadvantage? 33711.5 Does early acquisition affect some systems the most? 34011.6 Learning a second language later 34411.7 Age-related issues and the brain 35011.8 Second language acquisition (SLA) as formal instruction 35411.9 Summing up 36611.10 Words and phrases to remember 36712 Language Policies and Globalization 369Multiple voices: The word from an American in Norway 36912.1 Introduction 36912.2 What are the parts of language planning? 37812.3 Status planning 37912.4 Corpus planning 39212.5 Acquisition planning 39512.6 English in the world 40512.7 The European Union and Europe’s new industry: Translating 40912.8 Summing up 41012.9 Words and phrases to remember 41113 Conclusions 412Multiple voices: The word from Haitians in New York 41213.1 Some themes to remember 41213.2 Guidelines for understanding speakers in relation to their languages 414References 415Index of Authors 440Index of Languages 446Index of Subjects 449

"It's been hard to find a good textbook in bilingualism for undergraduate students in such diverse fields as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and language policy; but Myers-Scotton, a leading scholar in the area, has met the need. Topics covered include language maintenance, language ideology, inter-cultural communication, lexical and grammatical borrowing, and language globalization. Numerous case studies from nations as far-flung as Italy, China, and Kenya, and from immigrant communities such as Turks in the Netherlands and Haitians in New York, make this a most attractive volume." William Bright, Editor Emeritus, Language in Society "Multiple Voices accomplishes a rare feat – it is both an accessible introduction to the study of bilingualism and a comprehensive treatment of research in the field. This is an ideal textbook for courses on language contact." Janet Fuller, Southern Illinois University "This introduction is not a simple synthesis of research and theory, but also a compendium of a lifetime of dedication to understanding bilingualism."Multilingua