Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress

Frederick A. Villamena, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology at The Ohio State University, College of Medicine. Henry Jay Forman, PhD, is both Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at the University of California, Merced and Research Professor Emeritus of Gerontology at the University of Southern California Leonard Davis School of Gerontology.

• List of Contributors xxiPreface to Second Edition xxixPreface First Edition xxxi1 Chemistry of Reactive Species 1Frederick A. Villamena1.1 Redox Chemistry 11.2 Classification of Reactive Species 21.3 Reactive Oxygen Species 41.4 Reactive Nitrogen Species 151.5 Reactive Sulfur and Chlorine Species 181.6 Reactivity 231.7 Origins of Reactive Species 271.8 Methods of Detection 32References 392 Lipid Peroxidation and Nitration 49Sean S. Davies and Lilu GuoOverview 492.1 Peroxidation of PUFAs 492.2 Cyclic Endoperoxides and Their Products 522.3 Fragmented Products of Lipid Peroxidation 582.4 Epoxy Fatty Acids 622.5 Lipid Nitrosylation 62Summary 65References 653 Protein Posttranslational Modification 71James L. Hougland Joseph Darling and Susan FlynnOverview 713.1 Oxidative Stress-Related PTMs: Oxidation Reactions 713.2 Amino Acid Modification by Oxidation-Produced Electrophiles 803.3 Detection of Oxidative-Stress Related PTMs 813.4 Role of PTMs in Cellular Redox Signaling 84Summary 85References 854 DNA Oxidation 93Dessalegn B. Nemera Amy R. Jones and Edward J. MerinoOverview 934.1 The Context of Cellular DNA Oxidation 934.2 Oxidation of Oligonucleotides 944.3 Examination of Specific Oxidative Lesions 96Future Outlook of DNA Oxidative Lesions 103References 1035 Cellular Antioxidants and Phase 2 Proteins 113Yunbo li5.1 Definitions 1135.2 Roles in Oxidative Stress 1135.3 Molecular Regulation 1175.4 Induction in Chemoprevention 1195.5 Inactivation 119References 1216 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 129Yeong-Renn Chen and Chwen-Lin Chen6.1 Mitochondria and Submitochondrial Particles 1296.2 Energy Transduction 1316.3 Mitochondrial Stress 1326.4 Superoxide Anion Radical Generation as Mediated by ΔPH Δψ ETC and Disease Pathogenesis 133References 1437 NADPH Oxidases: Structure and Function 147Mark T. QuinnOverview 1477.1 Introduction 1477.2 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure 1477.3 Phagocyte ROS Production 1527.4 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Function 1557.5 Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure 1567.6 Nonphagocyte ROS Production 1617.7 Functions of Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidases 162Summary 169Acknowledgments 169References 1708 Cell Signaling and Transcription 189 Imran Rehmani Fange Liu and Aimin LiuOverview 1898.1 Common Mechanisms of Redox Signaling 1898.2 Redox and Oxygen-Sensitive Transcription Factors in Prokaryotes 1918.3 Redox Signaling in Metazoans 1958.4 Oxygen Sensing in Metazoans 2008.5 Medical Significance of Redox and Oxygen-Sensing Pathways 204Concluding Remarks 205References 2059 Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in Carcinogenesis 213 Rodrigo Franco Aracely Garcia-Garcia Thomas B. Kryston Alexandros G. Georgakilas Mihalis I. Panayiotidis and Aglaia PappaOverview 2139.1 Redox Environment and Cancer 2139.2 Oxidative Modifications to Biomolecules and Carcinogenesis 2179.3 Measurement of Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Cancer 2239.4 Epigenetic Involvement in Oxidative Stress-Induced Carcinogenesis 2239.5 Deregulation of Cell Death Pathways by Oxidative Stress in Cancer Progression 226Conclusions and Perspective 230Acknowledgments 231References 23110 Neurodegeneration from Drugs and Aging-Derived Free Radicals 247 Annmarie Ramkissoon Aaron M. Shapiro Margaret M. Loniewska and Peter G. WellsOverview 24710.1 ROS Formation 24710.2 Protection against ROS 27310.3 Nrf2 Regulation of Protective Responses 279Summary and Conclusions 291Acknowledgments 291References 29111 Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion 321Murugesan Velayutham and Jay L. ZweierOverview 32111.1 Oxygen in the Heart 32111.2 Sources of ROS during Ischemia and Reperfusion 32211.3 Modulation of Substrates Metabolites and Cofactors during I-R 32611.4 ROS-Mediated Cellular Communication during I-R 32811.5 ROS and Cell Death during Ischemia and Reperfusion 32911.6 Potential Therapeutic Strategies 330Summary and Conclusion 331References 33112 Atherosclerosis: Oxidation Hypothesis 339Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu Dmitry Litvinov Xueting Jiang Zhaohui Yang and Sampath ParthasarathyOverview 33912.1 Lipid Peroxidation 33912.2 Oxidation Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis 34012.3 Animal Models of Atherosclerosis 34112.4 Aldehyde Generation from Peroxidized Lipids 343Summary 344Acknowledgments 345References 34513 Cystic Fibrosis 355Neal S. Gould and Brian J. DayOverview 35513.1 Lung Disease Characteristics in CF 35513.2 Role of CFTR in the Lung 35813.3 Oxidative Stress in the CFTR-Deficient Lung 35813.4 Antioxidant Therapies for CF 361Summary 363References 36314 Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution 369Andrew J. Ghio and Urmila Kodavanti14.1 Exposure to Cigarette Smoke 36914.2 Air Pollution Particles 37114.3 Ozone 37414.4 Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides 37414.5 Interaction between PM and Oxidant Gases 37514.6 Oxidative Stress and Mechanistic Pathways of Disease After Exposure to Air Pollutants 375References 37515 Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 381Peter J. Barnes15.1 Introduction 38115.2 Increased Oxidative Stress in COPD 38215.3 Effects of Oxidative Stress in COPD 38415.4 Strategies for Reducing Oxidative Stress 38615.5 Conclusions 389References 38916 Oxidative Stress in the Eye 395Annie K. Ryan Wade W. Rich Peter A. Jansen Megan M. Allyn Katelyn E. Swindle-Reilly and Matthew A. Reilly16.1 Introduction 39516.2 The Cornea 39616.3 The Lens 40016.4 The Vitreous Humor 40316.5 The Retina and Optic Nerve 40416.6 Therapeutic Approaches to ROS Elevation in the Eye 40716.7 Conclusion 408References 40817 The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 417Ara Aboolian Jordan Younes Alejandra Romero Jay C. Jha Karin Jandeleit-Dahm and Jaroslawna Meister17.1 Introduction 41717.2 Sources of Oxidative Stress in CKD 41917.3 Mechanisms by Which Oxidative Stress Contributes to CKD 42117.4 Interplay Between Oxidative Stress and Senescence in CKD 42317.5 Treatment Options for CKD 423References 42918 Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases 437Rukhsana Sultana Giovanna Cenini and D. Allan ButterfieldOverview 43718.1 Introduction 43718.2 Biomarkers of Protein Oxidation/Nitration 43918.3 Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation 44118.4 Biomarkers of Carbohydrate Oxidation 44418.5 Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation 445Acknowledgments 446References 44619 Cysteinylated Albumin as Oxidative Stress Biomarker and Therapeutic Target 455Alessandra Altomare Giulio Vistoli Cristina Banfi and Giancarlo Aldini19.1 Introduction 45519.2 Cellular and Extracellular Thiols Distribution 45519.3 HSA and CYS34 45619.4 CYS34 Reactivity and Reactions 45819.5 CYS34 Oxidized Forms in Physio-Pathological Conditions 46019.6 Endogenous Regulation of Intracellular and Extracellular Thiol-Redox Homeostasis 46219.7 Molecular and Therapeutic Strategies for Reversing Mercaptalbumin from the Oxidized Forms 46219.8 Conclusion 464References 46520 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids: Formation Metabolism Reactivity and Signaling 469Martina Steglich Martín Sosa Francisco J. Schopfer and Lucía Turell20.1 Introduction 46920.2 Diet and Fatty Acids 46920.3 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids in Vivo Formation 47020.4 Metabolism and Distribution 47120.5 Reactivity of Nitroalkene Fatty Acids 47220.6 Nitroalkylation as A Protein Post-Translational Modification 47320.7 Nitrooleic Acid and Disease 47520.8 Concluding Remarks 477Abbreviations 477References 47821 Synthetic Antioxidants 483Grégory DurandOverview 48321.1 Endogenous Enzymatic System of Defense 48321.2 Metal-Based Synthetic Antioxidants 48421.3 Nonmetal-Based Antioxidants 48821.4 Nitrones 495References 504Index 513