Mobile and Wireless Communications for IMT-Advanced and Beyond

Afif Osseiran received a B.Sc. in Electrical and Electronics from Université de Rennes I, France, in 1995, a DEA (B.Sc.E.E) degree in Electrical Engineering from Université de Rennes I and INSA Rennes in 1997, and a M.A.Sc. degree in Electrical and Communication Engineering from École Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada, in 1999. In 2006, he defended successfully his Ph.D thesis at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden. Since 1999 he has been with Ericsson, Sweden. During the years 2006 and 2007 he led in the European project WINNER the MIMO task. From April 2008 to June 2010, he was the technical manager of the Eureka Celtic project WINNER+. Dr. Osseiran is listed in the Who's Who in the World, and in Science & Engineering. He has published more then 50 technical papers and has in 2009 co-authored a book on Radio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced with John Wiley & Sons. Since 2006, he has been teaching at Master's level at KTH. Jose F. Monserrat received his MSc. degree with High Honors and Ph.D. degree in Telecommunications engineering from the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) in 2003 and 2007, respectively. In 2009 he was awarded with the best young researcher prize of Valencia. He is currently an associate professor in the Communications Department of the UPV. His research focuses on the application of complex computation techniques to Radio Resource Management (RRM) strategies and to the optimization of current and future mobile communications networks, as LTE-Advanced and IEEE 802.16m. He has been involved in several European Projects, acting as task or work package leader in WINNER+, ICARUS, COMIC and PROSIMOS. In 2010 he also participated in one external evaluation group within ITU-R on the performance assessment of the candidates for the future family of standards for IMT-Advanced.Werner Mohr graduated from the University of Hannover, Germany, with a Master's degree in electrical engineering in 1981 and a Ph.D. degree in 1987. He joined Siemens AG, in 1991. He was involved in several EU funded projects and ETSI standardization groups on UMTS and systems beyond 3G. In December 1996 he became project manager of the European ACTS FRAMES Project until the project finished in August 1999. This project developed the basic concepts of the UMTS radio interface. Since April 2007 he has been with Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, where he is Head of Research Alliances. He was the coordinator of the WINNER Project in Framework Program 6 of the European Commission, and the Eureka Celtic project WINNER+. Dr. Mohr is an IEEE Senior Member. He is a co-author of the books Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems and Radio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced.

• About the Editors xiii Preface xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Abbreviations xixList of Contributors xxv1 Introduction 11.1 Market and Technology Trends 11.2 Technology Evolution 31.3 Development of IMT-Advanced and Beyond 6References 82 Radio Resource Management 112.1 Overview of Radio Resource Management 112.2 Resource Allocation in IMT-Advanced Technologies 132.2.1 Main IMT-Advanced Characteristics 132.2.2 Scheduling 162.2.3 Interference Management 162.2.4 Carrier Aggregation 182.2.5 MBMS Transmission 182.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation 192.3.1 Resource Allocation and Packet Scheduling Using Utility Theory 192.3.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 222.3.3 Multiuser Resource Allocation Maximizing the UE QoS 242.3.4 Optimization Problems and Performance 262.4 Interference Coordination in Mobile Networks 262.4.1 Power Control 272.4.2 Resource Partitioning 282.4.3 MIMO Busy Burst for Interference Avoidance 332.5 Efficient MBMS Transmission 352.5.1 MBMS Transmission 362.5.2 Performance Assessment 372.6 Future Directions of RRM Techniques 39References 403 Carrier Aggregation 433.1 Basic Concepts 433.2 ITU-R Requirements and Implementation in Standards 453.3 Evolution Towards Future Technologies 483.3.1 Channel Coding 483.3.2 Scheduling 513.3.3 Channel Quality Indicator 533.3.4 Additional Research Directions 543.4 Cognitive Radio Enabling Dynamic/Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 553.4.1 Spectrum Sharing and Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 563.4.2 Spectrum Awareness 583.4.3 Cognitive Component Carrier Identification, Selection and Mobility 593.5 Implications for Signaling and Architecture 593.6 Hardware and Legal Limitations 60References 614 Spectrum Sharing 634.1 Introduction 634.2 Literature Overview 644.2.1 Spectrum Sharing from a Game Theoretic Perspective 664.2.2 Femtocells 674.3 Spectrum Sharing with Game Theory 684.3.1 Noncooperative Case 684.3.2 Hierarchical Case 694.4 Spectrum Trading 704.4.1 Revenue and Cost Function for the Offering Operator 734.4.2 Numerical Results 744.5 Femtocells and Opportunistic Spectrum Usage 754.5.1 Femtocells and Standardization 774.5.2 Self-Organized Femtocells 794.5.3 Beacon-Based Femtocells 814.5.4 Femtocells with Intercell Interference Coordination 824.5.5 Femtocells with Game Theory 834.6 Conclusion, Discussion and Future Research 844.6.1 Future Research 85References 865 Multiuser MIMO Systems 895.1 MIMO Fundamentals 895.1.1 System Model 915.1.2 Point-to-Point MIMO Communications 925.1.3 Multiuser MIMO Communications 965.1.4 MIMO with Interference 1005.2 MIMO in LTE-Advanced and 802.16m 1015.2.1 LTE-Advanced 1025.2.2 WiMAX Evolution 1045.3 Generic Linear Precoding with CSIT 1045.3.1 Transmitter–Receiver Design 1055.3.2 Transceiver Design with Interference Nulling 1105.4 CSI Acquisition for Multiuser MIMO 1125.4.1 Limited Feedback 1125.4.2 CSI Sounding 1135.5 Future Directions of MIMO Techniques 114References 1156 Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) Systems 1216.1 Overview of CoMP 1216.1.1 CoMP Types 1226.1.2 Architectures and Clustering 1236.1.3 Theoretical Performance Limits and Implementation Constraints 1266.2 CoMP in the Standardization Bodies 1296.2.1 Overview of CoMP Studies 1296.2.2 Design Choices for a CoMP Functionality 1316.3 Generic System Model for Downlink CoMP 1336.3.1 SINR for Linear Transmissions 1336.3.2 Compact Matricial Model 1346.4 Joint Processing Techniques 1346.4.1 State of the Art 1356.4.2 Potential of Joint Processing 1366.4.3 Dynamic Joint Processing 1376.4.4 Uplink Joint Processing 1416.5 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling Techniques 1426.5.1 State of the Art 1426.5.2 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 1436.5.3 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 1456.6 Practical Implementation of CoMP in a Trial Environment 1476.6.1 Setup and Scenarios 1496.6.2 Measurement Results 1496.7 Future Directions 151References 1527 Relaying for IMT-Advanced 1577.1 An Overview of Relaying 1577.1.1 Relay Evolution 1587.1.2 Relaying Deployment Scenarios 1597.1.3 Relaying Protocol Strategies 1607.1.4 Half Duplex and Full Duplex Relaying 1627.1.5 Numerical Example 1627.2 Relaying in the Standard Bodies 1647.2.1 Relay Types in LTE-Advanced Rel-10 1647.2.2 Relay Nodes in IEEE 802.16m 1667.3 Comparison of Relaying and CoMP 1667.3.1 Protocols and Resource Management 1677.3.2 Simulation Results 1697.4 In-band RNs versus Femtocells 1717.5 Cooperative Relaying for Beyond IMT-Advanced 1737.6 Relaying for beyond IMT-Advanced 1767.6.1 Multihop RNs 1767.6.2 Mobile Relay 1777.6.3 Network Coding 177References 1778 Network Coding in Wireless Communications 1818.1 An Overview of Network Coding 1818.1.1 Historical Background 1828.1.2 Types of Network Coding 1838.1.3 Applications of Network Coding 1838.2 Uplink Network Coding 1888.2.1 Detection Strategies 1888.2.2 User Grouping 1908.2.3 Relay Selection 1918.2.4 Performance 1928.2.5 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 1948.3 Nonbinary Network Coding 1948.3.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 1958.3.2 Nonbinary NC for Multiuser and Multirelay 1968.3.3 Performance 1978.3.4 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 1988.4 Network Coding for Broadcast and Multicast 1998.4.1 Efficient Broadcast Network Coding Scheme 2008.4.2 Performance 2018.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 202References 2039 Device-to-Device Communication 2079.1 Introduction 2079.2 State of the Art 2089.2.1 In Standards 2089.2.2 In Literature 2109.3 Device-to-Device Communication as Underlay to Cellular Networks 2119.3.1 Session Setup 2129.3.2 D2D Transmit Power 2149.3.3 Multiantenna Techniques 2159.3.4 Radio Resource Management 2209.4 Future Directions 225References 22810 The End-to-end Performance of LTE-Advanced 23110.1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation: ITU Process, Scenarios and Requirements 23110.1.1 ITU-R Process for IMT-Advanced 23210.1.2 Evaluation Scenarios 23410.1.3 Performance Requirements 23510.2 Short Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features 23810.2.1 The WINNER+ Evaluation Group Assessment Approach 23810.3 Performance of LTE-Advanced 23910.3.1 3GPP Self-evaluation 23910.3.2 Simulative Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 24110.3.3 LTE-Advanced Performance in the Rural Indian Open Area Scenario 24310.4 Channel Model Implementation and Calibration 24310.4.1 IMT-Advanced Channel Model 24310.4.2 Calibration of Large-Scale Parameters 24610.4.3 Calibration of Small-Scale Parameters 24710.5 Simulator Calibration 24810.6 Conclusion and Outlook on the IMT-Advanced Process 249References 25011 Future Directions 25111.1 Radio Resource Allocation 25211.2 Heterogeneous Networks 25211.3 MIMO and CoMP 25311.4 Relaying and Network Coding 25411.5 Device-to-Device Communications 25411.6 Green and Energy Efficiency 255References 256Appendices 259Appendix A Resource Allocation 261A.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation 261A.1.1 Utility Predictive Scheduler 261A.1.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 261A.2 Multiuser Resource Allocation 263A.2.1 PHY/MAC Layer Model 263A.2.2 APP Layer Model 263A.2.3 Optimization Problem 264A.2.4 Simulation Results 265A.3 Busy Burst Extended to MIMO 266A.4 Efficient MBMS Transmission 267A.4.1 Service Operation 267A.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Performance 268Appendix B Spectrum Awareness 269B.1 Spectrum Sensing 269B.2 Geo-Location Databases 270B.3 Beacon Signaling 270Appendix C CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP) 271C.1 Joint Processing Methods 271C.1.1 Partial Joint Processing 271C.1.2 Dynamic Base Station Clustering 271C.2 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling 273C.2.1 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 273C.2.2 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 276C.3 Test-Bed: Distributed Realtime Implementation 276Appendix D Network Coding 281D.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 281D.2 Multiuser and Multirelay Scenario 282Appendix E LTE-Advanced Analytical Performance and Peak Spectral Efficiency 285E.1 Analytical and Inspection Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 285E.1.1 Analytical Evaluation 285E.1.2 Inspection 286E.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency Calculation 287E.2.1 FDD Mode Downlink Direction 287E.2.2 FDD Mode Uplink Direction 288E.2.3 TDD Mode Downlink Direction 289E.2.4 TDD Mode Uplink Direction 291E.2.5 Comparison with Self-Evaluation 292References 292Index 295

"The book is up with the latest thinking and standards, and as such provides a particularly useful coverage of the way in which cellular telecommunications is moving. It would be a valuable addition to the library of any individual or company that is serious about keeping up with the latest LTE technology." (Radio-Electronics.com, 1 January 2012)