Miniaturized Analytical Devices

Suresh Kumar Kailasa, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) Surat, Gujarat, India. His work involves the design and synthesis of functional nanomaterials and their analytical applications for recognition of various chemical species. His research interests include green synthetic approaches for functional nanomaterials, drug delivery, and mass spectrometry.Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), USA. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials in the environment and analytical chemistry. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and is author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks.

• Section 1 Miniaturized Devices in Analytical and Bioanalytical Sciences 11 Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis for the Separation and Identification of Biomolecules 3Suresh K. Kailasa, Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta, and Jigneshkumar V. Rohit1.1 Introduction 31.2 Brief Summary of MCE 41.2.1 Fabrication of Microfluidic Chips 41.2.2 Designing Microfluidic Channels 51.2.3 Electrophoretic Separation 61.2.4 Detectors 61.2.4.1 Capability of Microchip Electrophoresis for the Separation and Identification of Biomolecules 71.2.4.2 Detection of Cancer Biomarkers 81.2.4.3 Assays of Immune Disorders and Microbial Diseases by MCE 101.2.4.4 Assays of Biomarkers by MCE 111.3 Summary 14Acknowledgments 14References 142 Portable Nanomaterials Impregnated Paper-Based Sensors for Detection of Chemical Substances 21Khemchand Dewangan and Kamlesh Shrivas2.1 Introduction 212.2 General Aspects of Nanomaterials 222.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 222.3.1 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Technique 232.3.2 Reduction of Metal Salts 252.3.3 Microemulsion Techniques 252.3.4 Sol–Gel 252.3.5 Polyol Processes 252.3.6 Coprecipitation 262.3.7 Thermal Decomposition of Metal–Organic Complex 262.3.8 Temperature-Programmed Reaction in the Presence of NH 3 Gas 262.3.9 Urea as Nitrogen Source 272.4 Characterization of Nanomaterials 272.5 Paper Substrate and Functional Materials 292.5.1 Uniqueness of Paper Substrate 292.5.2 Functional Materials and Fabrication Methods 292.6 Different Types of Detection Methods 302.6.1 Colorimetric 312.6.2 Electrochemical 322.6.3 Fluorescence 322.6.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) 332.7 Applications of Nanomaterial-Based Paper Sensors 332.7.1 Environmental Aspects 332.7.2 Clinical Aspects 352.7.3 Food Safety Aspects 362.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 36References 373 Miniaturized Analytical Technology in Agriculture 49Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta, Vimalkumar S. Prajapati, and Jigneshkumar V. Rohit3.1 Introduction 493.2 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for the Fungal Detection in Plants 513.3 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for the Virus Detection in Plants 533.4 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for the Bacterial Detection in Plants 613.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 65References 664 Solvent Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Riverine Sediment and Surface Water of Subarnarekha River and Its Tributary, India  71Balram Ambade, Shrikanta S. Sethi, Amit Kumar, and Tapan K. Sankar4.1 Introduction 714.2 Materials and Methods 724.2.1 Description of Study Area 724.2.2 Sampling and Pretreatment 724.2.3 Extraction and Cleanup of PAHs from Samples 744.2.4 Analysis 744.2.5 Quality Assurance 744.3 Results and Discussion 754.3.1 PAH Concentration in Water 754.3.1.1 PAHs Concentration in Subarnarekha Riverine Sediment 764.3.1.2 PAH Concentration in Kharkai Riverine Sediment 774.3.2 PAH Composition 784.3.3 Analysis for Sources of PAHs 794.3.3.1 Diagnostic Ratio 794.3.3.2 Principal Component Analysis 824.3.3.3 Potential Ecosystem Risk Assessment 834.4 Conclusions 85Acknowledgments 86References 865 Laboratory-on-a-Chip: A Multitasking Device 91Mansi Mehta, Bhikhu More, Tanvi Tamakuwala, and Gaurav Shah5.1 Introduction 915.1.1 LOC in Multiplexing Microfabricated Devices 915.1.2 LOC in Integration 925.2 History 925.3 LOC Manufacturing Technologies 925.3.1 PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) 935.3.2 Thermopolymers 935.3.3 Glass 935.3.4 Silicon 935.3.5 Paper 935.4 Advantages of LOC Compared to Conventional Technologies 945.4.1 Low Cost 945.4.2 Easy Use 945.4.3 Reduction of Human Error 945.4.4 Less Sample Requirement 945.4.5 High Parallelization 945.4.6 Fast Response 945.4.7 Process Control and Sensitivity 955.4.8 Cost Effective 955.5 Limitations of LOC Compared to Conventional Technologies 955.5.1 Industrialization 955.5.2 Signal/Noise Ratio 955.5.3 Additional Requirements for Efficient Work 955.5.4 Ethics 955.6 Applications of LOC in Different Fields 955.6.1 LOC in Genomics 955.6.2 LOC in Post-Genome Era 965.6.3 LOC in Immunological Assay 965.6.4 Organ-on-a-Chip 985.6.5 LOC in Food Safety 985.6.6 LOC in Environmental Monitoring 995.6.7 LOC in Cancer Diagnosis 995.6.8 LOC in COVID-19 Detection 1005.7 Present Challenges 1015.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 102References 1026 Microscopic Tools for Cell Imaging 105Parveen Parasar and Vivek K. Singh6.1 Introduction 1056.2 Microscopy – History and Development 1066.2.1 Live-cell Imaging Microscopy 1076.2.2 Fluorescent Microscopy 1076.2.2.1 Principle 1076.2.2.2 Photobleaching 1076.2.2.3 Fluorescence Microscopy and Dynamics of Cellular Processes 1086.2.2.4 Confocal Microscopy of Living Cells: General Approach 1096.2.2.5 Minimizing Photodynamic Damage 1096.2.2.6 Improving Photon Efficiency 1106.2.2.7 Use of Antioxidants 1106.2.3 Fluorescence Imaging Modalities 1106.2.3.1 Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) 1106.2.4 Phase-contrast Microscopy 1116.2.4.1 Principle 1116.2.5 Quantitative Phase-contrast Microscopy 1126.2.5.1 Principle 1126.2.6 Holotomography (HT) or Optical Diffraction Tomography 1136.2.6.1 Principle 1136.3 Other Considerations 1146.3.1 Oil Immersion and Water Immersion Lenses 1146.3.2 Dry Lenses 1146.3.3 Photodamage of Cells 1146.3.4 Specimen Environment 1156.3.5 Improve S/N Ratio 1156.4 Conclusions 115References 116Section 2 Functionalized Nanomaterial for Miniaturized Devices 1217 Ionic Liquid–Assisted Single-Drop Microextraction: A Miniaturized Sample Preparation Tool for Various Analytes 123Janardhan R. Koduru and Lakshmi P. Lingamdinne7.1 Introduction 1237.2 Ionic Liquids 1247.2.1 Background 1247.2.2 Chemistry and Functionality of Ionic Liquids 1247.2.3 Classification of ILs 1257.2.4 Various Applications of Ionic Liquids (ILs) 1287.3 Ionic Liquid–Assisted SDME for Analytes 1297.3.1 Factors Influencing Ionic-Liquid-Assisted SDME 1297.3.1.1 Vapor Pressure and Thermal Stability of ILs 1297.3.1.2 The ILs are Liquids in a Broad Range 1317.3.1.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension of ILs 1317.3.2 ILs in SDME Coupled with Various Analytical Detectors for Analysis of Various Analytes 1317.3.2.1 Analysis of Organic/Bioorganic Molecules 1327.3.2.2 Inorganic Analysis 1347.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 141References 1428 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Miniaturized Analytical Devices 153Thang P. Nguyen8.1 Introduction 1538.2 2D Nanomaterials 1548.2.1 Graphene 1548.2.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene 1548.2.1.2 Characteristics and Applications of Graphene 1568.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides 1568.2.2.1 Synthesis Method 1578.2.2.2 Characteristics and Applications of TMOs 1578.2.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 1598.2.3.1 Preparation of TMCs 1598.2.3.2 Characteristics and Applications of TMCs 1628.2.4 MXenes 1638.2.4.1 MXene Preparation 1638.2.4.2 Characteristics and Applications of MXenes 1638.2.5 2D Metal–Organic Frameworks 1648.2.5.1 Synthesis of 2D MOFs 1658.2.5.2 Characteristics and Applications of MOFs 1668.3 Functionalization Methodologies 1678.3.1 Inorganic Doping Method 1678.3.2 Functionalized Organic Functional Groups 1688.4 Outlook 169References 1719 Functionalized Materials for Miniaturized Analytical Devices 181Hani Nasser Abdelhamid9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Miniaturized Devices 1829.3 Miniaturized Devices for Analysis 1839.3.1 Optical Devices 1839.3.2 Electrochemical Methods 1849.3.3 Magnetic Relaxation Switches (MRSw) Assays 1849.3.4 Microfluidic Technology 1859.3.5 Mass Spectrometry 1869.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Miniaturized Separation Techniques 1879.5 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges 1879.6 Conclusions 188Acknowledgments 189References 18910 Microvolume UV–Visible Spectrometry for Assaying of Pesticides 197Jigneshkumar V. Rohit and Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Ag NP–Based Microvolume UV–Visible Spectrometry for Analysis of Pesticides 19810.2.1 Analysis of Fungicides 19910.2.2 Analysis of Herbicides 20210.2.3 Analysis of Insecticides 20210.2.4 Analysis of Other Pesticides 20410.3 Au NP–based Microvolume UV–Visible Spectrometry for Analysis of Pesticides 20510.3.1 Analysis of Fungicides 20510.3.2 Analysis of Herbicides 20510.3.3 Analysis of Insecticides 20910.4 Summary 212References 21211 Miniaturized Liquid Extractions in MALDI–MS Analysis 219Nazim Hasan and Shadma Tasneem11.1 Introduction 21911.2 MALDI/SALDI–TOF–MS Instrumentation and Ionization Expected Mechanism Before Miniaturization of Liquid Extraction by Nanoparticles 22111.2.1 MALDI–TOF–MS Techniques 22111.2.2 Miniaturization-Based NPs in SALDI/MALDI–TOF–MS Application 22411.3 Miniaturization of Metal Nanoparticles as Affinity Probe for SDME Via Maldi–tof–ms 22511.3.1 Affinity Probe of Functionalized Au and Ag Nanoparticles as Sdme 22511.3.2 Nanoparticles and Ionic Liquid (NP-IL) Hybrid Probes as SDME 22711.4 Miniaturization of Nanoprobes for LLME Via MALDI–TOF–MS 22811.4.1 Miniaturized Nanoparticles as LLME Enrichment Probes for Biomolecules 22811.4.2 Miniaturized Nanoparticle-Based LLME Affinity Probes for Bacterial Proteins 22911.5 Miniaturization of Nanomaterial Affinity Probes for Biomolecules Liquid Extraction 23311.5.1 Metal Nanoparticle–Based Miniaturization Liquid Extraction Probes 23411.5.2 Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QDs)-Based Miniaturization Liquid Extraction Probes in MALDI–TOF Analysis 23911.5.3 Metal-Oxide Nanomaterial–Based Miniaturization Liquid Microextraction for MALDI–TOF–MS 24111.5.3.1 Phosphopeptides Enrichment by Liquid Microextraction Analysis by Maldi–tof–ms 24111.5.3.2 Miniaturization of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles for Bacterial Proteins Liquid Microextraction Analysis by MALDI–TOF–MS 24311.5.3.3 Miniaturization Nanoarray-Based Biochips for Biomolecule Analysis by Maldi–ms 24711.6 Conclusion 250References 25012 Mechanisms and Applications of Nanopriming: New Vista for Seed Germination 261Karen P. Pachchigar, Darshan T. Dharajiya, Sumeet N. Jani, Jaykishan N. Songara, and Gaurav S. Dave12.1 Introduction to Agriculture and Green Nanotechnology 26112.2 Nanopriming for Better Crop Germination 26312.3 Anticipated Mechanisms Underlying Nanopriming: Plant Physiology and Molecular-Level Interactions 26412.3.1 Imbibition and Vigorous Seedling Growth 26512.3.2 Osmotic Adjustment and Membrane Dynamics 26612.3.3 Antioxidant and ROS Signaling 26712.3.4 Hormonal Crosstalk and Metabolic Flux 26812.4 Current Status of Nanopriming 26912.5 Conclusion 273References 27313 Nanotechnology for Environmental Pollution Detection and Remedies 279Nishant Srivastava and Gourav Mishra13.1 Introduction 27913.2 Nanotechnology for Environmental Monitoring and Diagnosis 28013.2.1 Nanosensors for Water Contamination 28013.2.2 Nanosensors for Air Pollution 28213.2.3 Nanosensors for Soil Contamination 28313.2.4 Nanobiosensors 28413.3 Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation 28513.3.1 Photocatalysis Or Advanced Oxidation Process for Environmental Remediation 28613.3.2 Nanocomposites and Nanodevices for Environmental Remediation 28813.4 Conclusion 289References 289Index 295