Microbes Based Approaches for the Management of Hazardous Contaminants

Ajay Kumar, PhD, is currently working as an assistant professor at Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India. Livleen Shukla, PhD, is currently working as Principal Scientist at the Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Joginder Singh, PhD, is working as a Professor at the Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Nagaland, India. Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Catholic University of Brassilia, Brasilia, Brazil, focused on Environmental Engineering, Microbiotechnology, Biotechnology, and Biomedical Engineering.

• List of Contributors xixPreface xxvii1 Mycobial Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of Wastewater 1Vikanksha Thakur, Arun Kumar, and Jatinder Singh1.1 Fungi 11.2 Nanotechnology Aspects 21.3 The Production of Nanoparticles Using an Origin of Fungi 21.4 Categories and Characteristics of Synthesized Nanoparticles 41.5 Various Usage of Nanomaterials 61.6 Mycobial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 71.7 Benefits of Mycobial Bioremediation 81.8 Constraints of Mycobial Bioremediation 91.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 9References 92 Microbial Enzymes in Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants: Mechanisms and Applications 12Bharati Lap, Ashim Debnath, Gourav Kumar Singh, Priyank Chaturvedi, Joy Kumar Dey, and Sajal Saha2.1 Introduction 122.2 Conclusion 18References 183 Microbe Assisted Remediation of Xenobiotics: A Sustainable Solution 20Azha Ufaq Nabi, Faamiya Shajar, and Reiaz Ul Rehman3.1 Introduction 203.2 Bioremediation 243.3 Environmental Factors 253.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation Strategies 273.5 Genetic Engineering Approaches 283.6 The Beneficial Role of Microbes in Degradation of Different Pollutants 293.7 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Detoxification by Microbes 303.8 Intracellular Sequestration 303.9 Extracellular Sequestration 303.10 Reduction of Heavy Metal Ions by Microbial Cell 313.11 The Degradation Mechanism of the Complex Dye Structure by Microbes 313.12 In Domestic and Agricultural Lignocellulose Wastes Remediation 333.13 Conclusion 34References 344 Bioremediation Strategies as Sustainable Bio-Tools for Mitigation of Emerging Pollutants 42Hamza Rafeeq, Zainab Riaz, Anum Shahzadi, Shazaf Gul, Fatima Idress, Sidra Ashraf, and Asim Hussain4.1 Introduction 424.2 Bioremediation by Microbial Strains 434.3 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 444.4 Classification of Bioremediations 464.5 Bioremediation of Various Pollutants 504.6 Recent Advancement and Challenges in Bioremediation 534.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 574.8 Conclusion 584.9 Future Perspective 58References 585 How Can Plant-microbe Interactions be used for the Bioremediation of Metals in Water Bodies? 65Gabriela Petroceli-Mota, Emilane Pinheiro da Cruz Lima, Mariana Miranda de Abreu, Glacielen Ribeiro de Souza, Jussara Tamires de Souza Silva, Gabriel Quintanilha-Peixoto, Alessandro Coutinho Ramos, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, and Aline Chaves Intorne5.1 Water Contamination Issues 655.2 Metal Contamination Effects 665.3 Metal Bioremediation 695.4 Aquatic Macrophytes in Metal Phytoremediation Processes 705.5 Microorganisms in Metal Remediation 725.6 Interaction Between Aquatic Macrophytes and Microorganisms 745.7 Conclusion 76References 766 Extremophilic Microorganisms for Environmental Bioremediation 82Nazim Hussain, Mehvish Mumtaz, Warda Perveez, and Hafsa6.1 Introduction 826.2 Extremophiles 826.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms Under Extreme Conditions 836.4 Extremophiles Applications for Environmental Bioremediation 906.5 Bioremediation of Petroleum Product 926.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 99References 997 Bacterial/Fungal Inoculants: Application as Bio Stimulants 108V. Mamtha, Swati, K. Sowmiya, and Haralakal Keerthi Kumari7.1 Introduction 1087.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) 1117.3 Conclusion 114References 1148 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation: Emphasis on Agrochemicals 118Shriniketan Puranik, Kallinkal Sobha Sruthy, Menpadi Manoj, Konaghatta Vijayakumar Vikram, Praveen Karijadar, Sandeep Kumar Singh, and Livleen Shukla8.1 Introduction 1188.2 Pollution of Different Matrices by Agrochemicals 1198.3 Different Strategies Employed in Bioremediation 1228.4 Microbe-Mediated Bioremediation and Recent Advances 1278.5 Novel Enzymes or Genes Involved in Bioremediation of Pollutants 1318.6 Conclusion 135References 1359 Porous Nanomaterials for Enzyme Immobilization and Bioremediation Applications 146Nazim Hussain, Areej Shahbaz, Hafiza Ayesha Malik, Farhana Ehsan, José Cleiton Sousa dos Santos, and Aldona Balčiūnaitė9.1 Introduction 1469.2 Enzyme Immobilization 1479.3 Model Enzymes With Multifunctional Attributes 1499.4 Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 1509.5 Inorganic Materials as Support Matrices 1509.6 Organic Materials as Support Matrices 1529.7 Synthetic Polymers as Support Matrices 1529.8 Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 1539.9 Porous Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 1549.10 Advantages of Enzyme Immobilization 1549.11 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 1559.12 Bioremediation Applications of Enzyme Immobilized Porous Nanomaterials 1569.13 Future Directions 1569.14 Conclusion 157References 15710 Effects of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrients and Microorganisms 162D. Vijaysri, Konderu Niteesh Varma, Haralkal Keerthi Kumari, D. Sai Srinivas, S.T.M. Aravindharajan, Dilbag Singh, Livleen Shukla, T. Kavya, and Sandeep Kumar Singh10.1 Introduction 16210.2 Microbial Inoculants and Soil Nutrients 16310.3 Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrient Quality 16310.4 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on Natural Soil Microbial Communities 16610.5 Microbial Inoculants: Mechanisms Involved in Affecting the Resident Microbial Community 16610.6 Effect of Monoinoculation Versus Coinoculation 16710.7 Conclusion 168References 16811 Bacterial Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters: Applications and Challenges 171Christina Saran, Anuradha Devi, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, Sikandar I. Mulla, and Ram Naresh Bharagava11.1 Introduction 17111.2 Composition and Nature of Various Industrial Wastewater 17211.3 Role of Bacteria in Biodegradation of Specific Pollutant Found in Wastewater 17411.4 Different Approaches and Mechanism of Bacterial Bioremediation in Industrial Wastewater 17711.5 Factors Influencing Bacterial Degradation Efficiency 18211.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 185References 18512 Sustainable Algal Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Applications and Challenges 190Anuradha Devi, Christina Saran, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, Sikandar I. Mulla, and Ram Naresh Bharagava12.1 Introduction 19012.2 Characteristics and Composition of Industrial Wastewater (IWW) 19112.3 Perks of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment (WWT) 19312.4 Cultivation System for IWW Treatment 19412.5 Algal Nutrient Uptake Mechanisms 19512.6 Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents 19812.7 Recovery of Valuable Nutrients 20012.8 Future Directions and Research Frontiers 20112.9 Conclusion 202References 20213 Immobilization of Microbial Inoculants for Improving Soil Nutrient Bioavailability 206Swati, V. Mamtha, and Haralakal Keerthi Kumari13.1 Introduction 20613.2 History of Immobilization 20713.3 Support Material Selection 20713.4 Support Materials Used for Immobilization of Microbes 20713.5 Conclusion 211References 21114 Insight Into the Factors Inhibiting the Anammox Process in Wastewater 213Surbhi Sinha, Anamika Singh, and Rachana Singh14.1 Introduction 21314.2 Substrate Inhibition 21414.3 Heavy Metals Inhibition 21414.4 Organic Matter Inhibition 21514.5 Salinity Inhibition 21614.6 Microplastic Inhibition 21614.7 Nanoparticle (NPs) Inhibition 21714.8 Control Strategies 21714.9 Conclusion and Prospects 220References 22015 Chitinolytic Microbes for Pest Management in Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Strategies 224Vikram Poria, Sandeep Kumar, Babett Greff, Pawan Kumar, Prakriti Jhilta, Balkar Singh, and Surender Singh15.1 Introduction 22415.2 Alternatives to Agrochemicals in Organic Agriculture for Pest Management 22515.3 Pest Management in Organic Agriculture Using Chitinolytic Microbial Agents 22815.4 Challenges Associated With the Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms 23015.5 Strategies for Sustainable Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms in Organic Agriculture 23215.6 Conclusion and Prospects 233Acknowledgments 233References 23416 Microbial Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides: Approaches and Advancements 242Sobia Riaz, Muhammad Sohail, and Rashba Sahar16.1 Introduction 24216.2 Sources and Effects of Heavy Metals 24316.3 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 24416.4 Approaches for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Through Microbial Processes: An Introduction 24516.5 Approaches for the Bioremediation of Radionuclide 24716.6 Novel Technologies in Bioremediation 24916.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 250References 25117 Chapter Role of Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation: Current Perspectives 257Sahaya Nadar and Tabassum Khan17.1 Introduction 25717.2 Formation of Biofilm 25817.3 Microbes Forming Biofilm 25917.4 Biofilms in Bioremediation 26117.5 Emerging Opportunities 26417.6 Challenges in Bioremediation Using Biofilms 26617.7 Conclusions 266References 26718 Green Nanoparticles for Textile Wastewater Treatment: The Current Insights 277Irfan Haidri, Aneeza Ishfaq, Muhammad Shahid, Tanvir Shahzad, Sabir Hussain, and Faisal Mahmood18.1 Introduction 27718.2 Sources and Composition of Textile Wastewater 27818.3 Environmental Effects of Textile Wastewater 27818.4 Nanotechnology in Environmental Pollution Remediation 27818.5 Types of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles Used in the Treatment of Textile Wastewater 27918.6 Green Synthesis Methods 28018.7 Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Different Process 28318.8 Degradation of Dyes by Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 28518.9 Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater 28518.10 Toxicity and Safety Considerations for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 28618.11 Cost-effectiveness 28718.12 Challenges and Limitations 28718.13 Future Trends and Research Directions 28818.14 Conclusion 288References 28819 Microbial Inoculants: Application in the Management of Metal Stress 293Poulomi Ghosh and Saprativ P. Das19.1 Introduction 29319.2 Microbial Inoculants 29319.3 Factors Influencing Microbial Inoculants’ Efficacy 29519.4 Sources of Heavy Metals 29819.5 Effects of Heavy Metals 30019.6 Microbial Mechanisms of Metal Tolerance and Remediation 30219.7 Other Remediation Approaches 30419.8 Metal Remediation in Co-contaminated Soils 30519.9 Concomitant Strategies for Metal Stress Management 30619.10 Challenges, Impending Visions, and Conclusions 308References 30920 Harnessing In Silico Techniques for Bioremediation Solutions 312Nischal Pradhan and Ajay Kumar20.1 Introduction 31220.2 Emergence of In Silico Approaches 31320.3 Genome-Scale Models 31420.4 Molecular Modeling 31520.5 QSAR Models 31620.6 Metabolic Modeling for Engineering Microbes 31720.7 Development of In Silico Platforms for Bioremediation Research 31820.8 Challenges and Limitations 31820.9 Conclusion 319References 31921 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation 321Ankita Agrawal, Jitesh Kumar Maharana, and Amiya Kumar Patel21.1 Introduction 32121.2 Overview of Bioremediation 32221.3 Microbial Inoculants: Concept and Types 32521.4 Mode of Action of Microbial Inoculants in Bioremediation 32821.5 Applications of Microbial Inoculants 32921.6 Process Optimization for Enhanced Bioremediation 33021.7 Challenges and Future Prospects of Microbial Inoculants 33121.8 Ecological Consequences 33121.9 Assessment and Implementation of Microbial Inoculants 33221.10 Case Studies and Success of Restoration Efforts 33321.11 Conclusion 33621.12 Future Perspectives 336Acknowledgment 336References 33722 Microbial Inoculant Approaches for Disease Management 345S.T.M. Aravindharajan, Sivaprakasam Navarasu, Velmurugan Shanmugam, S.S. Deepti Varsha, D. Vijaysri, Sandeep Kumar Singh, and Livleen Shukla22.1 Introduction 34522.2 Approaches of Various Microbial Inoculants for Controlling the Economically Important Disease 34622.3 Central Role of Micro Organisms to Induced the Innate Immunity 35122.4 Synthetic Microbial Communities in Plant Disease Management 35522.5 Recent Trends of Biocontrol Agent 35622.6 Conclusion 357References 35823 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on the Secondary Metabolites Production of Medicinal Plants 367Haralakal Keerthi Kumari, D. Vijaysri, T. Chethan, Swati, and V. Mamtha23.1 Introduction 36723.2 Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Phytochemicals and Their Classification 36723.3 General Mechanism of Microbial Inoculants-Induced Production of Secondary Compounds 36923.4 Determinants of Secondary Phytochemical Synthesis 37023.5 Ideal Characteristics of Microbial Inoculants 37023.6 Fungi 37023.7 Mechanism of Fungal Elicitors 37123.8 Advantages of Microbial Inoculants over Chemical Inoculants for Metabolite Production 37423.9 Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites 37423.10 Conclusion 374References 37524 Bioremediation of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 378Fahad S. Alotaibi, Abdullah Alrajhi, and Saif Alharbi24.1 Introduction 37824.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Sources, Pollution, and Exposure Routes 37924.3 Biodegradation Pathways 38024.4 Challenges and Future Directions 384List of Abbreviations 385References 38525 Microbial Indicators for Monitoring Pollution and Bioremediation 390Vijay Kumar, Ashok Chhetri, Joy Kumar Dey, and Ashim Debnath25.1 Introduction 39025.2 Biosensors for Microbial Remediation 393References 39426 PGPRs: Toward a Better Greener Future in Sustainable Agriculture 397Soham Das, V.H.S. Vaishnavee, Anshika Dedha, Priya Yadav, Rahul Prasad Singh, and Ajay Kumar26.1 Introduction 39726.2 Brief Introduction of PGPRs 39826.3 Role of PGPRs 39826.4 Social and Economic Impact of PGPRs 40426.5 Challenges, Future Perspectives and Conclusion 405References 40627 Role of MATE Transporters in Xenobiotics Tolerance 411Arathi Radhakrishnan, Shakshi, Raj Nandini, Ajay Kumar, Raj Kishor Kapardar, and Rajpal Srivastav27.1 Introduction 41127.2 Degradation and Management of Xenobiotics 41127.3 Role of MATE in Xenobiotics’ Extrusion and Metabolism 41327.4 OMIC-Based Analysis for Xenobiotics Degradation and Metabolism 41627.5 Conclusive Remarks 417Acknowledgments 417References 417Index 421