Methodological Issues and Strategies in Clinical Research

Alan E. Kazdin, PhD, is a research scientist and sterling professor of psychology and child psychiatry at Yale University where he also served as chairman of the psychology department, director of the Child Study Center, director of child psychiatric services, and chair of the publications committee. He has published 5 books on methodology, parenting and child rearing, psychosocial interventions, interpersonal violence, and novel treatment delivery models. His awards include the Research Scientist and MERIT Awards from the National Institute of Mental Health and the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology from the American Psychological Foundation.

• PrefacePart I. Introduction: Overview and BackgroundChapter . Methodology: What It Is and Why It Is So ImportantAlan E. KazdinPart II. Beginning the Research ProcessResearch IdeasChapter 2. Beginning the Process: Key Concepts and Questions to Guide ResearchAlan E. KazdinChapter 3. Getting Out of Our Conceptual Ruts: Strategies for Expanding Conceptual FrameworksAllan W. WickerFoci of ResearchChapter 4. In Defense of External InvalidityDouglas G. MookChapter 5. When Small Effects Are ImpressiveDeborah A. Prentice and Dale T. MillerPart III. Participants in ResearchSamples and Selection of ParticipantsChapter . A WEIRD View of Human Nature Skews Psychologists' StudiesDan JonesChapter 7. Toward a Psychology of Homo Sapiens: Making Psychological Science More Representative of the Human PopulationMostafa Salari Rad, Alison Jane Martingano, and Jeremy GingesDiversity of Participants Chapter 8. On Becoming Multicultural in a Monocultural Research World: A Conceptual Approach to Studying Ethnocultural DiversityGordon C. Nagayama Hall, Tiffany Yip, and Michael A. Z amp aacute rateChapter 9. Designing Studies for Sex and Gender Analyses: How Research Can Derive Clinically Useful Knowledge for Women's HealthRuth Klap and Keith HumphreysPart IV. Design Options With and Without RandomizationResearch Designs OptionsChapter . Experimental and Observational Designs: An OverviewAlan E. KazdinChapter . Observational Studies and Their Utility for PracticeJulia F. M. Gilmartin-Thomas, Danny Liew, and Ingrid HopperRandomization and Randomized Controlled TrialsChapter 2. Random Sampling, Randomization, and Equivalence of Contrasted Groups in Psychotherapy Outcome ResearchLouis M. HsuChapter 3. Randomized Controlled Trials: Characteristics, Options, and ChallengesAlan E. KazdinPart V. AssessmentCore Concepts and Considerations in Developing and Selecting MeasuresChapter 4. Constructing Validity: New Developments in Creating Objective Measuring InstrumentsLee Anna Clark and David WatsonChapter 5. Selecting Measures for Research InvestigationsAlan E. KazdinNovel Measurement OptionsChapter . Computer-Enhanced Practice: The Benefits of Computer-Assisted Assessment in Applied Clinical PracticeStephanie Ruth Young, Danika L. S. Maddocks, and Jacqueline M. CaemmererChapter 7. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) in Studies of Substance UseSaul ShiffmanChapter 8. AI in Mental HealthSimon D amp rsquo AlfonsoPart VI. Data Analysis, Evaluation, and PresentationBackground and Underpinnings of Data AnalysesChapter 9. A Power PrimerJacob CohenChapter 2 . Abandon Statistical SignificanceBlakeley B. McShane, David Gal, Andrew Gelman, Christian Robert, and Jennifer L. TackettChapter 2 . Ethical Concerns in Statistical Analyses: Implications for Clinical Research and PracticeOwen J. GaasedelenData Exploration and Multiple Methods of Data AnalysesChapter 22. Exploratory Data Analysis as a Foundation of Inductive ResearchAndrew T. Jebb, Scott Parrigon, and Sang Eun WooChapter 23. When Should We Use One-Tailed Hypothesis Testing?Graeme D. Ruxton and Markus Neuh amp auml userChapter 24. The Proof of the Pudding: An Illustration of the Relative Strengths of Null Hypothesis, Meta-Analysis, and Bayesian AnalysisGeorge S. Howard, Scott E. Maxwell, and Kevin J. FlemingData PresentationChapter 25. Designing Better Graphs by Including Distributional Information and Integrating Words, Numbers, and ImagesDavid M. Lane and Anik amp oacute S amp aacute ndorPart VII. Special Topics: Evaluation in Clinical Practice and ResearchEvaluating Clinical Effects of TreatmentChapter 2 . Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) and Feedback: Research Review and RecommendationsMichael Barkham, Kim De Jong, Jaime Delgadillo, and Wolfgang LutzChapter 27. Revisiting and Reenvisioning the Outcome Problem in Psychotherapy: An Argument to Include Individualized and Qualitative MeasurementClara E. Hill, Harold Chui, and Ellen BaumannExtending TreatmentsChapter 28. Beyond Efficacy and Effectiveness: A Multifaceted Approach to Treatment EvaluationTimothy D. Nelson and Ric G. SteeleChapter 29. Testing Psychosocial Interventions in the Contexts They Are Meant to be DeliveredRinad S. Beidas, Lisa Saldana, and Rachel C. SheltonPart VIII. Multiple Methodologies and Levels of Data AnalysisBeyond Quantitative MethodsChapter 3 . What Can Qualitative Psychology Contribute to Psychological Knowledge?Carla WilligChapter 3 . Mixed Methods Research in PsychologyTimothy C. Guetterman and Analay PerezChapter 32. Single-Case Experimental Research DesignsAlan E. KazdinBig Data, Secondary Data Sets, and Collaborative ScienceChapter 33. Big Data in Psychology: A Framework for Research AdvancementIdris Adjerid and Ken KelleyChapter 34. Getting Started: Working With Secondary DataAmy M. Pienta, JoAnne McFarland O'Rourke, and Melissa M. FranksChapter 35. How to Build Up Big Team Science: A Practical Guide for Large-Scale CollaborationsHeidi A. Baumgartner, Nicol amp aacute s Alessandroni, Krista Byers-Heinlein, Michael C. Frank, J. Kiley Hamlin, Melanie Soderstrom, Jan G. Voelkel, Robb Willer, Francis Yuen, and Nicholas A. ColesPart IX. Ethics and Scientific IntegrityGuidelines and CodesChapter 3 . Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of ConductAmerican Psychological AssociationChapter 37. Research Ethics: How to Treat People Who Participate in ResearchEzekiel Emanuel, Emily Abdoler, and Leanne StunkelProfessional Responsibilities for the Conduct of ResearchChapter 38. International Recommendations to Guide Multiple Facets of the Research and Publication ProcessAlan E. KazdinChapter 39. False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as SignificantJoseph P. Simmons, Leif D. Nelson, and Uri SimonsohnChapter 4 . Best Practices for Allocating Appropriate Credit and Responsibility to Authors of Multi-Authored ArticlesLucas D. EggertPart X. Open Science, Replication, and Research PracticesOpen ScienceChapter 4 . A Manifesto for Reproducible ScienceMarcus R. Munaf amp ograve , Brian A. Nosek, Dorothy V. M. Bishop, Katherine S. Button, Christopher D. Chambers, Nathalie Percie du Sert, Uri Simonsohn, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Jennifer J. Ware, and John P. A. IoannidisChapter 42. Replicate Others as You Would Like to Be Replicated YourselfNicole Janz and Jeremy FreesePractices to Improve ResearchChapter 43. A Template for Preregistration of Quantitative Research in Psychology: Report of the Joint Psychological Societies Preregistration Task ForceMichael Bosnjak, Christian J. Fiebach, David Mellor, Stefanie Mueller, Daryl B. O amp rsquo Connor, Frederick L. Oswald, and Rosemarie I. SokolChapter 44. Responsible Practices for Data SharingGeorge Alter and Richard GonzalezPart XI. Publication and Communication of ResearchReporting Standards: What to Cover and Include in an ArticleChapter 45. Journal Article Reporting Standards for Quantitative Research in Psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board Task Force ReportMark Appelbaum, Harris Cooper, Rex B. Kline, Evan Mayo-Wilson, Arthur M. Nezu, and Stephen M. RaoCommunicating Research FindingsChapter 4 . Publication and Communication of Research FindingsAlan E. KazdinPart XII. Perspectives on MethodologyChapter 47. Methodology: Perspectives and General Lessons to Guide ResearchAlan E. KazdinIndexAbout the Editor

This book is a must-read for all students and trainees in clinical and counseling psychology and the go-to resource for everyone interested in clinical science. It is an updated classic from the foremost leader in clinical psychological science. Kazdin assembled the best works in psychological methods to walk us through all stages of the research process emphasizing the importance of using science to understand and treat clinical disorders while at the same time addressing the challenges and pitfalls head-on. This updated masterpiece will be required reading in the training of the next generation of clinical scientists. - Jutta Joormann, PhD, Richard Ely Professor and Chair of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT Once again, Alan E. Kazdin has interwoven his own research design and methodological contributions with those of leading scholars across a variety of relevant areas to describe and clarify research and methodological issues in scientific inquiry. The result-an expanded and updated contemporary fifth edition of a book that will continue to serve as the model for informing and addressing methodological issues. It simply sets the standard in this arena for both academic and clinical readers. - W. Edward Craighead, PhD, ABPP, J. Rex Fuqua Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA