Metal Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Contaminant Removal

Arun Lal Srivastav, PhD, Assistant Professor, Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India. Lata Rani, PhD, Assistant Professor, Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India. Jyotsna Kaushal, PhD, Professor, Centre for Water Sciences, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India. Tien Duc Pham, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

• Preface xiii1 Application of MOFs on Removal of Emerging Water Contaminants 1Nguyen Minh Viet, Tran Thi Viet Ha, and Nguyen Le Minh TriAbbreviated list 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Sources of Emerging Water Contaminants 11.1.2 Emerging Water Contaminants Treatment Methods 21.1.3 MOFs as Exceptional Materials for Water Remediation 71.2 MOFs Strategies in Water Remediation 71.2.1 Adsorption 81.2.2 Catalyst 101.2.3 Synergistic Effect of Adsorption and Photocatalyst 121.3 Emerging Water Contaminants by MOFs 121.3.1 Organic Dyes 121.3.2 Adsorption 121.3.3 Photocatalytic and Electrostatic Activities 131.3.4 PPCPs 131.3.5 Adsorption 141.3.6 Photocatalytic Activities 141.3.7 Herbicides and Pesticides 151.3.8 Adsorption 151.3.9 Photocatalytic Activities 161.3.10 Industrial Compounds/By-products 171.3.11 Adsorption 171.3.12 Photocatalytic Activities 171.4 Challenges and Perspective in Using MOFs for the Removal of Emerging Water Contaminants 171.5 Conclusion 182 Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Stepwise Preparatory Methods (Synthesis) for Water Treatment 27Debarati Chakraborty and Prof. Siddhartha S. Dhar2.1 Introduction 272.2 Classification of Metal-Organic Frameworks 282.3 Synthesis of MOFs 292.3.1 Conventional Solvothermal/Hydrothermal and Non-Solvothermal Method 292.3.2 Room-Temperature Synthesis 302.3.3 Unconventional Methods 302.4 Alternative Synthesis Methods 312.4.1 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 312.4.2 Electrochemical Synthesis 322.4.3 Sonochemical Synthesis 342.4.4 Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis 352.4.5 Layer-by-Layer Synthesis 362.5 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of MOFs 372.5.1 Solvents 372.6 Temperature and pH Effects on the Synthesis of MOFs 382.7 Water Regeneration and Wastewater Treatment Using MOF Membranes 392.8 Membrane Filtration 392.9 Microfiltration (MF) 392.10 Ultrafiltration (UF) 402.11 Nanofiltration (NF) 402.12 Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Forward Osmosis (FO) 412.13 Membrane Distillation (MD) 412.14 Membrane Pervaporation (PV) 422.15 Conclusion 433 Application of MOFs in the Removal of Pharmaceutical Waste from Aquatic Environments 53Gagandeep Kaur, Parul Sood, Lata Rani, and Nitin Verma3.1 Introduction 533.2 The Potential of MOFs and Their Analogs to Resist Water Stability 553.3 Methods for the Development and Design of Aqueous-Stable Composites of Metal-Organic Frameworks 563.4 Synthesis and Design of Water-Stable MOF-Derived Materials 573.5 MOFs and Their Hybrids as Versatile Adsorbents for Capturing Pharmaceutical Drugs 583.6 MILs and Their Derived Compounds 583.7 Pristine MILs 583.8 MILs Composites 593.9 MILs-Derived Materials 603.10 ZIFs and Their Derived Compounds 603.11 Pristine ZIFs 603.12 ZIFs Composites 613.13 Materials Derived from ZIFs 613.14 UiOs Composite Materials 623.15 UiOs-Derived Materials 633.16 Pharmaceutical Drug Resistance 633.17 Conclusion 644 Efficiency of MOFs in Water Treatment Against the Emerging Water Contaminants Such as Endocrine Disruptors, Pharmaceuticals, Microplastics, Pesticides, and Other Contaminants 73Jogindera Devi and Ajay Kumar4.1 Introduction 734.2 Chemical Contaminants: Those Mysterious Ingredients in Ground and Surface Water 744.2.1 Endocrine Disruptors (EDs) 744.2.2 Microplastics (MPs) 744.2.3 Contaminants from the Agriculture Sector 754.2.4 Pharmaceutical Effluents 754.3 MOFs 764.3.1 MOF Stability in the Aqueous Phase 774.3.2 Improving the Water Stability of MOFs: General Enhancement Strategies 774.4 Possibilities for Wastewater Treatment Applications Using MOFs 784.4.1 MOF-Supported Adsorption & Photocatalysis 794.4.2 π-π Interactions 804.4.3 Electrostatic Interactions 804.4.4 Hydrophobic Interactions 814.4.5 H-Bonding 824.5 Use of MOFs for Water Remediation: Issues & Perspectives 824.6 Future 854.7 Conclusions 855 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Contaminants Removal 95Khushbu Sharma, Priyanka Devi, and Prasann Kumar5.1 Introduction 955.2 Aqueous Phase MOF Stability 965.3 MOF Degradation in Water 975.4 Influence of MOF Structure 975.5 2D Nanostructured Coating 975.6 3D Nanostructure of MOF 985.7 MOF-Based Materials’ Adsorption Processes for Heavy Metal Oxyanion 995.8 Remediation Through Perfect MOFs 1025.9 Interaction of MOFs with Other Species 1025.10 With the Use of MOF Composites 1035.11 Removal of Metal Ions through Adsorption 1055.12 MOF Composites are Used for Removal 1065.13 COFs are a New Class of Materials that Have Similar MOF Structures 1075.14 Application of MOF Composites 1085.15 Gas Separation and Adsorption 1095.16 MOF Composites 1105.17 Agrochemical Adsorption and Removal 1115.18 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Adsorption Removal Products (PPCPs) 1125.19 MOFs for Photocatalytic Elimination of Organic Pollutants 1135.20 Conclusion 113Acknowledgment 114Author Contributions 114Conflicts of Interest 1156 “Green Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Treatment” 119Ankita Saini, Sunil Kumar Saini, and Parul Lakra6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Role of Green Chemistry in Preparation of MOFs 1226.3 Green Application of MOFs in the Removal of Contaminants from Wastewater 1246.3.1 MOFs for the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants 1256.3.2 MOFs for the Removal of Organic Contaminants 1366.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 1386.5 Conflict of Interest 1397 Case Studies (Success Stories) on the Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in Wastewater Treatment and Their Implementations; Review 151Arpit Kumar, Mahesh Rachamalla, and Akshat Adarsh7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) 1547.2.1 Properties and Applications of MOFs 1547.3 Applications of MOFs in Wastewater Treatment: Case Studies 1567.3.1 Forward Osmosis (FO) Membranes 1597.3.2 Application and Effectiveness 1597.3.3 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes 1607.3.4 Application and Effectiveness 1617.3.5 Nano Filter (NF) Membranes 1627.3.6 Application and Effectiveness 1637.3.7 Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes 1647.3.8 Application and Effectiveness 165Summary 166Acknowledgment 1678 Prospects and Potentials of Microbial Applications on Heavy-Metal Removal from Wastewater 177Dipankar Ghosh, Shubhangi Chaudhary, and Snigdha Dhara8.1 Introduction 1778.2 Mainstream Avenues to Remediate Heavy Metals in Wastewater 1788.3 The Microbial Recycling Approach 1798.4 General Overview of Heavy-Metal Pollution in Wastewater 1818.5 Techniques for Heavy-Metal Removal 1838.6 Microbial and Biological Approaches for Removing Heavy Metals from Wastewater 1868.7 Biological Remediation Approaches for Heavy-Metal Removal 1878.8 Microbial Bioremediation Approaches 1908.9 Bioengineering Approaches on Microbes for Improving Heavy-Metal Removal from Wastewater 1918.10 Conclusion 192Acknowledgment 1939 Removal of Organic Contaminants from Aquatic Environments Using Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Based Materials 203Linkon Bharali and Siddhartha S. Dhar9.1 Introduction 2039.2 MOF-Based Materials 2059.2.1 MOF—Metal Nanoparticle Materials 2059.2.2 MOF–MO Materials 2069.2.3 MOF–Quantum Dot Materials 2079.2.4 MOF–Silica Materials 2079.2.5 MOF–Carbon Materials 2089.2.6 Core—shell Structures of MOFs 2099.2.7 MOF–Enzyme Materials 2109.2.8 MOF–Organic Polymer Materials 2109.3 Environmental Effects of MOF-Based Materials 2119.4 Conclusion 21510 Reformed Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Abstraction of Water Contaminants – Heavy-Metal Ions 227Prakash B. Rathod, Rahul A. Kalel, Mahendra Pratap Singh Tomar, Akshay Chandrakant Dhayagude, and Parshuram D. Maske10.1 Introduction 22710.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks 22810.3 Sorption Enrichment by Modification of MOFs 22910.4 Toxic-Metal Ion Adsorption by MOFs 23110.4.1 MOFs for Mercury Adsorption 23110.4.2 MOFs for Lead Adsorption 23410.4.3 MOFs for Cadmium Adsorption 23510.4.4 MOFs for Chromium Removal 23610.4.5 MOFs for Arsenic Removal 23810.4.6 MOFs for Heavy Metals Phosphate Removal 23910.4.7 MOFs for Nickel Adsorption 24010.4.8 MOFs for Selenium Adsorption 24010.4.9 MOFs for Uranium Adsorption 24010.5 Future Perspective 24110.6 Future Scope 24110.7 Conclusions 24211 Application of Algal-Polysaccharide Metal-Organic Frameworks in Wastewater Treatment 251Dharitri Borah, Jayashree Rout, and Thajuddin Nooruddin11.1 Introduction 25111.1.1 Water Pollutants and Sources 25111.1.2 Common Wastewater Treatment Techniques 25211.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Treatment 25211.1.4 Polysaccharide-Metal-organic Frameworks (Ps-MOFs) 25311.2 Polysaccharides in Algae/cyanobacteria (AlPs) 25411.2.1 Polysaccharides in Cyanophyceae 25411.2.2 Polysaccharides in Chlorophyceae 25811.2.3 Polysaccharides in Rhodophyceae 25811.2.4 Polysaccharides in Phaeophyceae 25911.3 Synthesis of Algal Polysaccharide MOFs (ALPs-MOFs) 25911.3.1 Alginate-MOFs 26011.3.2 Cellulose-MOFs 26211.3.3 Agar-MOFs 26311.4 Characterization of AlP-MOFs 26411.5 Adsorption Mechanism of AlPs-MOFs 26811.6 Regeneration of AlPs-MOFs 27111.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 27212 Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Resources 281Swati Singh and K. V. Suresh Babu12.1 Introduction 28112.2 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment 28212.3 Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution 28312.4 Water Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices 28612.4.1 Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) 28712.4.2 Statistical Technique 28812.5 MOFs for Heavy Metal Contaminant Removal from Water 28912.6 Conclusion 29013 Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Environments: Sources and Impact Assessment 299Shipa Rani Dey, Priyanka Devi, and Prasann Kumar13.1 Introduction 29913.2 The Various Forms and Causes of Chemical Pollutants 30013.3 Increasing Contaminant Occurrence in Aquatic Systems 30213.4 Identifying Potential Points of Entry for New Pollutants into Aquatic Systems 30413.5 Groups of Trace Pollutants and ECs 30513.5.1 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) 30513.6 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 30613.7 Concentrations of Micropollutants in Aquatic Organisms 30813.8 Methods for Micropollutant Removal 30813.9 Mitigation of Aqueous Micropollutants 31013.10 Chemical Treatment of Wastewater Discharge 31113.11 Conclusion 311Acknowledgment 312Authors Contributions 312Conflicts of Interest 31214 Physicochemical Properties and Stability of MOFs in Water Environments 319Priya Saharan, Vinit Kumar, Indu Kaushal, Ashok Kumar Sharma, Narender Ranga, and Dharmender Kumar14.1 Introduction 31914.2 Background and Future Scope of MOFs 32014.3 Techniques Used to Determine the Physicochemical Properties of MOFs 32014.3.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) 32114.3.2 BET Surface Area Analyzer 32114.3.3 Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis 32214.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 32214.3.5 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) 32214.4 Physicochemical Properties of MOFs and Their Effects on Various Applications 32214.4.1 Porosity 32214.4.2 Size and Morphology 32314.4.3 Chemical Reactivity 32514.4.4 Chemical Stability 32714.4.5 Thermal Stability 32914.4.6 Mechanical Stability 33114.5 Conclusion 33215 Metal-Organic Framework Adsorbents for Indutrial Heavy-Metal Wastewater Treatment 337Gopal Sonkar15.1 Introduction 33715.2 The Applications of MOFs 33815.3 Comparison Between MOF Adsorbents and Bio-Based Adsorbents 33815.4 Heavy Metal Contaminant Sources and Impacts 34015.5 Adsorption 34315.5.1 The Adsorption Process 34315.5.2 Adsorption Mechanisms 34415.5.3 Adsorption Parameters 34415.5.4 Different Processes for Methods of Adsorption 34515.6 A Specific Review on Tea-Waste Adsorption 34715.7 Conclusions 34816 Evaluation of MOF Applications for Groundwater Arsenic Mitigation of the Middle Ganga Plains of Bihar, India 355Arun Kumar, Vivek Raj, Mohammad Ali, Abhinav, Mahesh Rachamalla, Dhruv Kumar, Arti Kumari, Rakesh Kumar, Prabhat Shankar, and Ashok Kumar Ghosh16.1 Arsenic Contamination in the Groundwater of Bihar 35516.2 Status of Groundwater Arsenic Exposure in the Affected Population 36116.2.1 Mitigation Status in the Arsenic-Exposed Area of Bihar 36416.2.2 Application of MOFs in Arsenic Removal from Groundwater 36416.2.3 Conclusion 365Index 375