Medical Mathematics and Dosage Calculations for Veterinary Technicians

Robert Bill is a Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Pharmacology and former Program Director of the Veterinary Technology Program in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

• ContentsAbout the Companion Website ixSection I Review of Math Fundamentals 11 Math Fundamentals: Self-assessment 3Self-assessment Exercises 32 Review of Key Medical Math Fundamentals: Decimals 112.1 Relative Values of Decimal Numbers 112.2 Properly Communicating Decimal Numbers 122.3 The Rules for the Use of Zero in Decimal Numbers 132.4 Comparing Decimals – Which Number Is Larger? 142.5 A Quick Guide to Using Scientific Notation 152.6 Tips for Adding and Subtracting Decimal Numbers 172.7 Tips for Multiplying Decimal Numbers 182.8 Tips for Dividing Decimal Numbers 192.9 Accurately Rounding Decimal Numbers 222.10 Chapter 2 Practice Problems 233 Review of Key Math Fundamentals: Fractions 273.1 Fundamentals of Working with Medical Math Fractions 273.2 Working with Improper Fractions, Proper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers 283.3 Equivalent Fractions in Medical Math 293.4 Simplifying or Reducing Fractions 303.5 Adding Fractions in Medical Math 313.6 Subtracting Fractions in Medical Math 333.7 Multiplying Fractions in Medical Math 343.8 Dividing Fractions in Medical Math 373.9 Conversion between Fractions and Decimals 393.10 Rounding Fractions in Medical Math 413.11 Chapter 3 Practice Problems 424 Review of Key Math Fundamentals: Percentages 474.1 Conversion of Percentages to Fractions 474.2 Conversion between Percentages and Decimal Numbers 484.3 Conversion of Fractions to Percentages 494.4 Finding Percentages of a Whole 494.5 Subtracting or Adding the Percentage Fraction of the Whole 504.6 Determining Percentages Represented by the Fractional Component 524.7 Chapter 4 Practice Problems 535 Review of Key Math Fundamentals: Finding the Unknown X 575.1 Analyzing the Problem and Setting up the Equation 575.2 Addition: Moving Numbers to the Other Side of the Equation 585.3 Subtraction: Moving Negative Numbers or a Negative UnknownX 595.4 Finding the Unknown X in Multiplication Problems 625.5 When the Unknown X is in the Denominator 675.6 Finding the Unknown X in Division Problems 705.7 Unknown X Involving Division of Fractions 715.8 Chapter 5 Practice Problems 74Section II Understanding Units and Labels 776 Measurements Used in Veterinary Medicine 796.1 Metric Units: The Basics 796.2 Metric Units of Weight and Mass 806.3 Metric Units of Volume 826.4 Metric Units of Length 836.5 Metric Units of Concentration and Density 846.6 Nonmetric Units: Household, Apothecary, and Avoirdupois Units 856.7 Conversion between Quantities of Volume and Mass: Special Cases 876.8 Converting Between Units: The Proportion and Cancel-Out Methods 876.8.1 Using the Proportion Method 886.8.2 Using the Cancel-out Method 916.9 Estimating the Answer: Does Your Answer Make Sense? 936.10 Chapter 6 Practice Problems 967 Understanding Drug Orders and Drug Labels 997.1 The Dosage Regimen 997.1.1 The Dosage Regimen: Doses and Dosages 1007.1.2 The Dosage Regimen: The Route of Administration 1007.1.3 The Dosage Regimen: The Dose Interval 1027.2 The Dosage Form 1027.3 The Best Practices for Writing Drug Orders 1037.3.1 Handling Unclear Drug Orders 1047.4 Understanding the Drug Label: The Drug Names 1047.5 Understanding the Drug Label: Concentrations and Dosage Forms 1077.6 Understanding the Drug Label: Regulatory Label Information 1097.6.1 Controlled Substances and Prescription Labeling 1107.6.2 Prescription, Legend, and Over-The-Counter Label Indicators 1107.7 Understanding the Drug Label: Hazards, Storage, and Expiration Dates 1107.7.1 Storage Information on the Label 1117.7.2 Expiration Dates 1117.8 Chapter 7 Practice Problems 112Section III Dose Calculations 1158 Basic Dose Calculations 1178.1 The Basic Steps in Dose Calculation 1178.2 Converting the Animal’s Weight into the Units Needed to Calculate the Dose 1198.3 Determining the Dose for the Patient 1208.4 Determining the Amount of Dose Forms Needed per Dose 1228.5 Determining the Number of Dosage Forms Needed to Complete the Dosage Regimen 1258.5.1 The Most Common Mistake Made when Determining the Total Number of Units to Be Dispensed 1268.6 Determining the Cost for Dispensed Medication 1288.7 Using a Syringe with Liquid Dosage Formulations 1298.7.1 Syringes in Veterinary Medicine 1308.7.2 Measuring Fluid within the Syringe 1318.8 Chapter 8 Practice Problems 1329 Intravenous Infusion Calculations 1379.1 Performing IV Infusions and the Use of IV Administration Sets 1379.2 The Basics of Setting IV Fluid Rate Using the Drip Chamber 1389.3 Setting the IV Fluid Rate: Constant Rate Infusions (CRI) 1429.4 Calculating Infusion Rates when Adding Drugs to IV Fluids 1449.5 Calculating Standard IV Fluid Rates 1479.6 Calculating IV Fluid Rate Stop Times 1519.7 Chapter 9 Practice Problems 153Section IV Other Calculations Used in Veterinary Medicine 15710 Ratios, Proportions, and Dilutions 15910.1 Ratios and Proportions 15910.2 The Basics of Making a Dilution 16110.3 Making Serial Dilutions 16210.4 Calculating Diluent Needed to Deliver a Specific Dose or Drug Concentration 16310.5 Calculating Dilutions Using the V1 × C1 = V2 × C2 Formula 16410.6 Diluting Percent Solutions 16610.7 Diluting Solutions Expressed as Ratios 16710.8 Making Dilutions with Mixed Types of Concentrations 16810.9 Chapter 10 Practice Problems 16911 Additional Calculations Used by Veterinary Professionals 17111.1 Mean, Median, Mode, and Range 17111.2 Converting between Fahrenheit and Celsius 17511.3 Roman Numerals 17911.4 Chapter 11 Practice Problems 181Appendix: Answers to Practice Problems 183Index 223