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One of the most interesting questions that can be raised about the twentieth century world concerns the degree to which industrialization created a common culture for all peoples. Reported here are the results of an empirical investigation designed to produce instruments to measure those personal values that have been central variables in the theory of modernization of societies.The purpose of Joseph Kahl’s research is primarily methodological: to advance the description and measurement of those value orientations used by men to organize their occupational careers. It seeks to delineate and measure a set of values that represents a “modern” view of work and life.The working laboratory was Brazil and Mexico, two countries undergoing rapid industrialization. More than six hundred men in Brazil and more than seven hundred in Mexico responded to questionnaires. In addition, over twenty-five men in each country were asked to sit beside a tape recorder and talk freely of their worldviews. The respondents were divided between inhabitants of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City and those who lived in provincial towns of fewer than ten thousand inhabitants. The samples included manual and nonmanual employees.The results showed that the main variable predicting whether or not a man would tend toward modernism was his social-class position. Middle-class men were much more modern in outlook than working-class men. Residence in a metropolis rather than in a small town also increased modernism, though to a lesser extent. Differences between Brazil and Mexico (and, indeed, the United States) were found to be surprisingly small, of considerably less weight than position in the social structure in predicting value orientations.The author addresses himself primarily to sociologists and their students who are themselves studying aspects of socio-economic development. His findings, however, cannot fail to be of interest and benefit to social scientists of various disciplines and to all who are concerned with the process of development-planners at the national and local levels, demographers, and businesspeople.
Joseph A. Kahl (1923–2010) was Professor of Sociology at Cornell University.
PrefaceChapter I. The Modernization of Values Traditional Society versus Modern SocietyCauses and EffectsValues and NormsCareer ValuesThree MenFrom Ideal Types to VariablesThe Components of ModernismEmpirical Syndrome of ModernismConclusionsChapter II. The Operational Definition of Modernism The QuestionnaireThe SamplesThe ScalesModernism IStability of Modernism I in SubsamplesRotation of AxesModernism IIConclusionsChapter III. Who Are the Modern Men? Component Value ScalesComparisons between Brazil and Mexico: Modernism IIIComparisons with the United StatesConclusionsChapter IV. Modern Values, Education, and Occupation From School to JobHow Much Is an Education Worth?Why Do Boys Stay in School?The Prediction of Education by Father’s Status and by Size of TownValues and EducationConclusionsChapter V. Modern Values and Fertility Ideals Fertility IdealsThe Role of ValuesFamily Structure in Brazil and MexicoSupporting Evidence on Family StructureNonfamily RelationshipsA Theory of CausationConclusionsChapter VI. Personal Satisfaction and Political Attitudes Job and Career SatisfactionLife SatisfactionRelations among the Three Indices of SatisfactionSatisfaction, Occupation, and LocationTime Sequence: Satisfaction Relative to AspirationEducation, Occupation, and SatisfactionIncome and SatisfactionMeasures of Radical OrientationStatus, Satisfaction, and RadicalismMexican Manual WorkersMexican Nonmanual WorkersThe Ambivalent MexicanConclusionsChapter VII. Work Attitudes The Wide Range of ViewsSpecific Job AttitudesRating by the BossConclusionsChapter VIII. Conclusions: Modernism and Development The Value ScalesThe Typical Modem ManWhere Is the Modern Man?Validity of the ToolsValues and EducationValues and Family SizeSatisfaction and PoliticsWork AttitudesValues: Means or Ends?Values and Economic DevelopmentAppendix A. Socio-Economic Status Social StratificationThe Respondents’ Status IndicesIndex of SESMeasures of Parental StatusSocial-Class IdentificationDeviant CasesTime SequenceMultivariate Analysis of IdentificationIdentification as an Intervening VariableClerks versus Skilled WorkersConclusionsAppendix B. Fathers and Sons: Intergenerational Mobility Rates of Mobility: Correlation CoefficientsFather’s SES, Son’s Education, Son’s SESProblems of Matrix Analysis of Occupational MobilityMatrices for Brazil and MexicoEducation and MobilityConclusionsAppendix C. Portuguese Translation of Value ScalesAppendix D. Spanish Translation of Value ScalesBibliographyIndex
