Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers

Michael S. Mamlouk is a Professor of Civil, and Environmental and Sustainable Engineering at Arizona State University. He has many years of experience in teaching courses of civil engineering materials and other related subjects at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Dr. Mamlouk has directed many research projects and is the author of numerous publications in the fields of pavement and materials. He is a professional engineer in the state of Arizona. He Dr. Mamlouk is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a member of several other professional societies.  John P. Zaniewski is the Asphalt Technology Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of West Virginia University. Dr. Zaniewski earned teaching awards at both WVU and Arizona State University. In addition to materials, Dr. Zaniewski teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in pavement materials, design and management, and construction engineering and management. Dr. Zaniewski has been the principal investigator on numerous research projects for state, federal, and international sponsors. He is a member of several professional societies and has been a registered engineer in three states. He is the director of the WV Local Technology Assistance Program and has been actively involved in adult education related to highways.

• Table of Contents ONE Materials Engineering Concepts 1.1 Economic Factors1.2 Mechanical Properties 1.2.1 Loading Conditions1.2.2 Stress—Strain Relations1.2.3 Elastic Behavior1.2.4 Elastoplastic Behavior1.2.5 Viscoelastic Behavior1.2.6 Temperature and Time Effects1.2.7 Work and Energy1.2.8 Failure and Safety 1.3 Nonmechanical Properties 1.3.1 Density and Unit Weight1.3.2 Thermal Expansion1.3.3 Surface Characteristics 1.4 Production and Construction1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics1.6 Sustainable Design1.7 Material Variability 1.7.1 Sampling1.7.2 Normal Distribution1.7.3 Control Charts1.7.4 Experimental Error 1.8 Laboratory Measuring Devices 1.8.1 Dial Gauge1.8.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)1.8.3 Strain Gauge1.8.4 Non-Contact Deformation Measurement Technique1.8.5 Proving Ring1.8.6 Load Cell SummaryQuestions and Problems1.9 ReferencesTWO Nature of Materials 2.1 Basic Materials Concepts 2.1.1 Electron Configuration2.1.2 Bonding2.1.3 Material Classification by Bond Type 2.2 Metallic Materials 2.2.1 Lattice Structure2.2.2 Lattice Defects2.2.3 Grain Structure2.2.4 Alloys2.2.5 Phase Diagrams2.2.6 Combined Effects 2.3 Inorganic Solids2.4 Organic Solids 2.4.1 Polymer Development, Structure, and Cross-Linking2.4.2 Melting and Glass Transition Temperature2.4.3 Mechanical Properties SummaryQuestions and Problems2.5 ReferencesTHREE Steel 3.1 Steel Production3.2 Iron—Carbon Phase Diagram3.3 Heat Treatment of Steel 3.3.1 Annealing3.3.2 Normalizing3.3.3 Hardening3.3.4 Tempering3.3.5 Example of Heat Treatment 3.4 Steel Alloys3.5 Structural Steel 3.5.1 Structural Steel Grades3.5.2 Sectional Shapes3.5.3 Specialty Steels in Structural Applications 3.6 Cold-Formed Steel 3.6.1 Cold-Formed Steel Grades3.6.2 Cold-Formed Steel Shapes3.6.3 Special Design Considerations for Cold-Formed Steel 3.7 Fastening Products3.8 Reinforcing Steel 3.8.1 Conventional Reinforcing3.8.2 Steel for Prestressed Concrete 3.9 Mechanical Testing of Steel 3.9.1 Tension Test3.9.2 Torsion Test3.9.3 Charpy V Notch Impact Test3.9.4 Bend Test3.9.5 Hardness Test3.9.6 Ultrasonic Testing 3.10 Welding3.11 Steel Corrosion 3.11.1 Methods for Corrosion Resistance 3.12 Steel Sustainability 3.12.1 LEED Considerations3.12.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems3.13 ReferencesFOUR Aluminum 4.1 Aluminum Production4.2 Aluminum Metallurgy 4.2.1 Alloy Designation System4.2.2 Temper Treatments 4.3 Aluminum Testing and Properties4.4 Welding and Fastening4.5 Corrosion4.6 Aluminum Sustainability 4.6.1 LEED Considerations4.6.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems4.7 ReferencesFIVE Aggregates 5.1 Aggregate Sources5.1 Aggregate Sources5.2 Geological Classification5.3 Evaluation of Aggregate Sources5.4 Aggregate Uses5.5 Aggregate Properties 5.5.1 Particle Shape and Surface Texture5.5.2 Soundness and Durability5.5.3 Toughness, Hardness, and Abrasion Resistance5.5.4 Absorption5.5.5 Specific Gravity5.5.6 Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate5.5.7 Strength and Modulus5.5.8 Gradation5.5.9 Cleanness and Deleterious Materials5.5.10 Alkali—Aggregate Reactivity5.5.11 Affinity for Asphalt5.6 Handling Aggregates 5.6.1 Sampling Aggregates 5.7 Aggregates Sustainability 5.7.1 LEED Considerations5.7.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems5.8 ReferencesSIX Portland Cement, Mixing Water, and Admixtures 6.1 Portland Cement Production6.2 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement6.3 Fineness of Portland Cement6.4 Specific Gravity of Portland Cement6.5 Hydration of Portland Cement 6.5.1 Structure Development in Cement Paste6.5.2 Evaluation of Hydration Progress 6.6 Voids in Hydrated Cement6.7 Properties of Hydrated Cement 6.7.1 Setting6.7.2 Soundness6.7.3 Compressive Strength of Mortar6.8 Water—Cement Ratio6.9 Types of Portland Cement 6.9.1 Standard Portland Cement Types6.9.2 Other Cement Types 6.10 Mixing Water 6.10.1 Acceptable Criteria6.10.2 Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Wash Water 6.11 Admixtures for Concrete 6.11.1 Air Entrainers6.11.2 Water Reducers6.11.3 Retarders6.11.4 Hydration-Control Admixtures6.11.5 Accelerators6.11.6 Specialty Admixtures 6.12 Supplementary Cementitious Materials6.13 Cement Sustainability 6.13.1 LEED Considerations6.13.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems6.14 ReferencesSEVEN Portland Cement Concrete 7.1 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes 7.1.1 Basic Steps for Weight and Absolute Volume Methods7.1.2 Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs 7.2 Mixing, Placing, and Handling Fresh Concrete 7.2.1 Ready-Mixed Concrete7.2.2 Mobile Batcher Mixed Concrete7.2.3 Depositing Concrete7.2.4 Pumped Concrete7.2.5 Vibration of Concrete7.2.6 Pitfalls and Precautions for Mixing Water7.2.7 Measuring Air Content in Fresh Concrete7.2.8 Spreading and Finishing Concrete 7.3 Curing Concrete 7.3.1 Ponding or Immersion7.3.2 Spraying or Fogging7.3.3 Wet Coverings7.3.4 Impervious Papers or Plastic Sheets7.3.5 Membrane-Forming Compounds7.3.6 Forms Left in Place7.3.7 Steam Curing7.3.8 Insulating Blankets or Covers7.3.9 Electrical, Hot Oil, and Infrared Curing7.3.10 Curing Period 7.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete 7.4.1 Early Volume Change7.4.2 Creep Properties7.4.3 Permeability7.4.4 Stress—Strain Relationship 7.5 Testing of Hardened Concrete 7.5.1 Compressive Strength Test7.5.2 Split-Tension Test7.5.3 Flexure Strength Test7.5.4 Rebound Hammer Test7.5.5 Penetration Resistance Test7.5.6 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test7.5.7 Maturity Test 7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Concrete 7.6.1 Self-Consolidating Concrete7.6.2 Flowable Fill7.6.3 Shotcrete7.6.4 Lightweight Concrete7.6.5 Heavyweight Concrete7.6.6 High-Strength Concrete7.6.7 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete7.6.8 Polymers and Concrete7.6.9 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete7.6.10 Roller-Compacted Concrete7.6.11 High-Performance Concrete7.6.12 Pervious Concrete 7.7 Concrete Sustainability 7.7.1 LEED Considerations7.7.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems7.8 ReferencesEIGHT Masonry 8.1 Masonry Units 8.1.1 Concrete Masonry Units8.1.2 Clay Bricks 8.2 Mortar8.3 Grout8.4 Plaster8.5 Masonary Sustainability 8.5.1 LEED Considerations8.5.2 Other Sustainability Consideration SummaryQuestions and Problems8.6 ReferencesNINE Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures 9.1 Types of Asphalt Cement Products9.2 Uses of Asphalt9.3 Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt9.4 Chemical Properties of Asphalt9.5 Superpave and Performance Grade Binders9.6 Characterization of Asphalt Cement 9.6.1 Performance Grade Characterization Approach9.6.2 Performance Grade Binder Characterization9.6.3 Traditional Asphalt Characterization Tests 9.7 Classification of Asphalt 9.7.1 Asphalt Binders9.7.2 Asphalt Cutbacks9.7.3 Asphalt Emulsions 9.8 Asphalt Concrete9.9 Asphalt Concrete Mix Design 9.9.1 Specimen Preparation in the Laboratory9.9.2 Density and Voids Analysis9.9.3 Superpave Mix Design9.9.4 Superpave Refinement9.9.5 Marshall Method of Mix Design9.9.6 Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility 9.10 Characterization of Asphalt Concrete 9.10.1 Indirect Tensile Strength9.10.2 Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester 9.11 Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Production and Construction 9.11.1 Production of Raw Materials9.11.2 Manufacturing Asphalt Concrete9.11.3 Field Operations 9.12 Recycling of Asphalt Concrete 9.12.1 RAP Evaluation9.12.2 RAP Mix Design9.12.3 RAP Production and Construction 9.13 Additives 9.13.1 Fillers9.13.2 Extenders9.13.3 Polymer Modified Asphalt9.13.4 Antistripping Agents9.13.5 Others 9.14 W arm Mix9.15 Asphalt Sustainability 9.15.1 LEED Considerations9.15.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems9.16 ReferencesTEN Wood 10.1 Structure of Wood 10.1.1 Growth Rings10.1.2 Anisotropic Nature of Wood 10.2 Chemical Composition10.3 Moisture Content10.4 Wood Production 10.4.1 Cutting Techniques10.4.2 Seasoning 10.5 Lumber Grades 10.5.1 Hardwood Grades10.5.2 Softwood Grades 10.6 Defects in Lumber10.7 Physical Properties 10.7.1 Specific Gravity and Density10.7.2 Thermal Properties10.7.3 Electrical Properties 10.8 Mechanical Properties 10.8.1 Modulus of Elasticity10.8.2 Strength Properties10.8.3 Load Duration10.8.4 Damping Capacity 10.9 Testing to Determine Mechanical Properties 10.9.1 Flexure Test of Structural Members (ASTM D198)10.9.2 Flexure Test of Small, Clear Specimen (ASTM D143) 10.10 Design Considerations10.11 Organisms that Degrade Wood 10.11.1 Fungi10.11.2 Insects10.11.3 Marine Organisms10.11.4 Bacteria 10.12 Wood Preservation 10.12.1 Petroleum-Based Solutions10.12.2 Waterborne Preservatives10.12.3 Application Techniques10.12.4 Construction Precautions 10.13 Engineered Wood Products 10.13.1 Structural Panels/Sheets10.13.2 Structural Shapes10.13.3 Composite Structural Members 10.14 Wood Sustainability 10.14.1 LEED Considerations10.14.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems10.15 ReferencesELEVEN Composites 11.1 Microscopic Composites 11.1.1 Fiber-Reinforced Composites11.1.2 Particle-Reinforced Composites11.1.3 Matrix Phase11.1.4 Fabrication11.1.5 Civil Engineering Applications 11.2 Macroscopic Composites 11.2.1 Plain Portland Cement Concrete11.2.2 Reinforced Portland Cement Concrete11.2.3 Asphalt Concrete11.2.4 Engineered Wood 11.3 Properties of Composites 11.3.1 Ductility and Strength of Composite11.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity of Composite 11.4 Composites Sustainability 11.4.1 LEED Considerations11.4.2 Other Sustainability Considerations SummaryQuestions and Problems11.5 ReferencesAppendix Laboratory Manual Introduction to Measuring DevicesTension Test of Steel and AluminumTorsion Test of Steel and AluminumImpact Test of SteelMicroscopic Inspection of MaterialsCreep in PolymersSieve Analysis of AggregatesSpecific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse AggregateSpecific Gravity and Absorption of Fine AggregateBulk Unit Weight and Voids in AggregateSlump of Freshly Mixed Portland Cement ConcreteUnit Weight and Yield of Freshly Mixed ConcreteAir Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Pressure MethodAir Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Volumetric MethodMaking and Curing Concrete Cylinders and BeamsCapping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens with Sulfur or Capping CompoundCompressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensFlexural Strength of ConcreteRebound Number of Hardened ConcretePenetration Resistance of Hardened ConcreteTesting of Concrete Masonry UnitsViscosity of Asphalt Binder by Rotational ViscometerDynamic Shear Rheometer Test of Asphalt BinderPenetration Test of Asphalt CementAbsolute Viscosity Test of AsphaltPreparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory CompactorPreparation of Asphalt Concrete Specimens Using the Marshall CompactorBulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous MixturesMarshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt ConcreteBending (Flexure) Test of WoodTensile Properties of CompositesEffect of Fiber Orientation on the Elastic Modulus of Fiber Reinforced CompositesIndex