Bernard Multon is Professor at Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Bruz, France.

• Foreword xvMichel PAILLARDPreface xviiBernard MULTONChapter 1. Marine Environment and Energy Resources 1Raymond NERZIC and Jean-Pierre MAZÉ1.1. Introduction 11.2. Physical and potential resources 21.3. Physical aspects of the marine environment 121.4. Environmental data 171.5. Bibliography 22Chapter 2. Constraints of the Marine Environment 23Marc PREVOSTO, Peter DAVIES, Chantal COMPÈRE and Michel OLAGNON2.1. Extreme conditions at sea 232.2. Materials in the marine environment 312.3. Bibliography 40Chapter 3. Some Concepts of Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering 43Aurélien BABARIT, Hakim MOUSLIM and Jean-Marc ROUSSET3.1. The marine environment 433.2. Loads on marine structures 483.3. Numerical and experimental tools for analysis 553.4. Conclusion 653.5. Bibliography 65Chapter 4. Marine Energy and Industrial Actors 67Guy BESLIN and Jacques RUER4.1. Why does marine energy concern large industrial players? 674.2. An energy source of immense potential 694.3. Marine energy: a sector reserved for industrial players and large-scale international investors 714.4. Example of offshore wind energy: the main players and industry in France 724.5. Industrial assembly 734.6. Industrial risks and how to manage them 754.7. Hazard management for interventions at sea 844.8. Design and maintenance of electricity-producing installations at sea 854.9. Policies and organization of maintenance 884.10. Operational and maintenance activities 904.11. Estimating maintenance costs 924.12. Decision-making by the investors 934.13. Conclusion 974.14. Bibliography 98Chapter 5. Installation of Wind Turbines at Sea 101Jacques RUER5.1. Peculiarities of the marine environment 1015.2. Design of the support structures of offshore wind turbines 1045.3. Assembly of offshore wind turbines 1115.4. Electrical cables 1155.5. Access to offshore wind turbines 1155.6. Floating wind turbines 117Chapter 6. Conversion Systems for Offshore Wind Turbines 123Cristian NICHITA and Brayima DAKYO6.1. Evolution of wind energy technology 1236.2. Estimating the wind energy resource 1406.3. Wind turbines 1516.4 Bibliography 168Chapter 7. Production of Tidal Range Energy 173Vincent DE LALEU7.1. Tidal range energy – theory and potential 1737.2. Potential of tidal range energy development 1777.3. Tidal range energy in France: the Rance Tidal Power Plant 1807.4. Tidal range energy in Canada – Annapolis 1927.5. Tidal range energy in the United Kingdom – the Severn 1977.6. Tidal range energy in South Korea – Sihwa 2087.7. The challenges of tidal range energy 2117.8. Bibliography 214CHAPTER 8. CONCEPTS, MODELING AND CONTROL OF TIDAL TURBINES 219Mohamed BENBOUZID, Jacques André ASTOLFI, Seddik BACHA, Jean Frédéric CHARPENTIER, Mohamed MACHMOUM, Thierry MAITRE and Daniel ROYE8.1. Introduction 2198.2. State of the art technology in tidal turbines 2208.3. Modeling and control of tidal turbines 2368.4. Bibliography 275CHAPTER 9. PAIMPOL-BRÉHAT: DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST TIDAL ARRAY IN FRANCE 279Pierre BRUN, Laurent TERME and Agnès BARILLIER9.1. Introduction and context 2799.2. Selection of technologies 2879.3. Technical specifications of the project and the producible power 2999.4. Administrative procedures 3059.5. Conclusion and perspectives 3099.6. Bibliography 310CHAPTER 10. FEEDBACK FROM THE SABELLA TIDAL CURRENT TURBINE PROJECT 311Jacques RUER10.1. Introduction 31110.2. Design of the Sabella turbines 31110.3. The demonstration project Sabella D03 31610.4. Conclusions 32110.5. Bibliography 321CHAPTER 11. WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS 323Judicaël AUBRY, Hamid Ben AHMED, Bernard MULTON, Aurélien BABARIT and Alain CLÉMENT11.1. Presentation of the wave energy resource 32411.2. Classification of wave energy converters 32911.3. Direct wave energy converters with direct electromechanical conversion (type C5) 34811.4. Fluctuations of power produced by wave energy converters 35811.5. Bibliography 363Chapter 12. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: A Historical Perspective 367Gérard NIHOUS and Michel GAUTHIER12.1. The thermal resource of the oceans 36712.2. Main principles of ocean thermal energy conversion 37312.3. Georges Claude, the pioneer 37812.4. A renaissance at the end of the 20th Century? 38312.5. Reflections 40012.6. Bibliography 401Chapter 13. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Solutions Studied 405Virginie LELARGE, Thierry BOUCHET, Brice HERMANT, Aurélien BOUHIER, Julian BERROU and Cédric AUVRAY13.1 The industrial approach to ocean thermal energy conversion 40513.2. The energy conversion system at the heart of OTEC 40613.3. Integration of OTEC plants 43513.4. An OTEC plant in the marine environment 45213.5. Conclusion 46113.6. Bibliography 461Chapter 14. Electrical Conversion Systems 463Jacques COURAULT14.1. Historical introduction 46314.2. General facts 46414.3. Voltage inverters in pulse width modulation 48814.4. Storage 51914.5. Control of the voltage Ed 52114.6. Filtering the output voltages 52514.7. Transmission 53614.8. Technology 55314.9. Maintenance 56714.10. Conclusion 56714.11. Bibliography 569Chapter 15. Cables for Collecting and Transmitting Energy Produced by Offshore Technologies 571Pierre ARGAUT15.1. Introduction 57115.2. General facts 57215.3. Functions of high-voltage cable systems 57415.4. Manufacture of submarine cables 60615.5. Principles and tools for the design of submarine cables 61615.6. Tests of submarine cables 62315.7. Specificities of DC cables 62615.8. Specificities of dynamic cables 62615.9. Electrical characteristics of submarine cables 62615.10. New advances presented during JICABLE 2011 62815.11. Bibliography 629List of Authors 633Index 637

“The focus on a type of environment rather than a single technology may prove to be most useful, at least at initial stages of planning renewable energy development.”  (Book News, 1 April 2012)

Bernard Multon is Professor at Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Bruz, France.

• Foreword xvMichel PAILLARDPreface xviiBernard MULTONChapter 1. Marine Environment and Energy Resources 1Raymond NERZIC and Jean-Pierre MAZÉ1.1. Introduction 11.2. Physical and potential resources 21.3. Physical aspects of the marine environment 121.4. Environmental data 171.5. Bibliography 22Chapter 2. Constraints of the Marine Environment 23Marc PREVOSTO, Peter DAVIES, Chantal COMPÈRE and Michel OLAGNON2.1. Extreme conditions at sea 232.2. Materials in the marine environment 312.3. Bibliography 40Chapter 3. Some Concepts of Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering 43Aurélien BABARIT, Hakim MOUSLIM and Jean-Marc ROUSSET3.1. The marine environment 433.2. Loads on marine structures 483.3. Numerical and experimental tools for analysis 553.4. Conclusion 653.5. Bibliography 65Chapter 4. Marine Energy and Industrial Actors 67Guy BESLIN and Jacques RUER4.1. Why does marine energy concern large industrial players? 674.2. An energy source of immense potential 694.3. Marine energy: a sector reserved for industrial players and large-scale international investors 714.4. Example of offshore wind energy: the main players and industry in France 724.5. Industrial assembly 734.6. Industrial risks and how to manage them 754.7. Hazard management for interventions at sea 844.8. Design and maintenance of electricity-producing installations at sea 854.9. Policies and organization of maintenance 884.10. Operational and maintenance activities 904.11. Estimating maintenance costs 924.12. Decision-making by the investors 934.13. Conclusion 974.14. Bibliography 98Chapter 5. Installation of Wind Turbines at Sea 101Jacques RUER5.1. Peculiarities of the marine environment 1015.2. Design of the support structures of offshore wind turbines 1045.3. Assembly of offshore wind turbines 1115.4. Electrical cables 1155.5. Access to offshore wind turbines 1155.6. Floating wind turbines 117Chapter 6. Conversion Systems for Offshore Wind Turbines 123Cristian NICHITA and Brayima DAKYO6.1. Evolution of wind energy technology 1236.2. Estimating the wind energy resource 1406.3. Wind turbines 1516.4 Bibliography 168Chapter 7. Production of Tidal Range Energy 173Vincent DE LALEU7.1. Tidal range energy – theory and potential 1737.2. Potential of tidal range energy development 1777.3. Tidal range energy in France: the Rance Tidal Power Plant 1807.4. Tidal range energy in Canada – Annapolis 1927.5. Tidal range energy in the United Kingdom – the Severn 1977.6. Tidal range energy in South Korea – Sihwa 2087.7. The challenges of tidal range energy 2117.8. Bibliography 214CHAPTER 8. CONCEPTS, MODELING AND CONTROL OF TIDAL TURBINES 219Mohamed BENBOUZID, Jacques André ASTOLFI, Seddik BACHA, Jean Frédéric CHARPENTIER, Mohamed MACHMOUM, Thierry MAITRE and Daniel ROYE8.1. Introduction 2198.2. State of the art technology in tidal turbines 2208.3. Modeling and control of tidal turbines 2368.4. Bibliography 275CHAPTER 9. PAIMPOL-BRÉHAT: DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST TIDAL ARRAY IN FRANCE 279Pierre BRUN, Laurent TERME and Agnès BARILLIER9.1. Introduction and context 2799.2. Selection of technologies 2879.3. Technical specifications of the project and the producible power 2999.4. Administrative procedures 3059.5. Conclusion and perspectives 3099.6. Bibliography 310CHAPTER 10. FEEDBACK FROM THE SABELLA TIDAL CURRENT TURBINE PROJECT 311Jacques RUER10.1. Introduction 31110.2. Design of the Sabella turbines 31110.3. The demonstration project Sabella D03 31610.4. Conclusions 32110.5. Bibliography 321CHAPTER 11. WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS 323Judicaël AUBRY, Hamid Ben AHMED, Bernard MULTON, Aurélien BABARIT and Alain CLÉMENT11.1. Presentation of the wave energy resource 32411.2. Classification of wave energy converters 32911.3. Direct wave energy converters with direct electromechanical conversion (type C5) 34811.4. Fluctuations of power produced by wave energy converters 35811.5. Bibliography 363Chapter 12. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: A Historical Perspective 367Gérard NIHOUS and Michel GAUTHIER12.1. The thermal resource of the oceans 36712.2. Main principles of ocean thermal energy conversion 37312.3. Georges Claude, the pioneer 37812.4. A renaissance at the end of the 20th Century? 38312.5. Reflections 40012.6. Bibliography 401Chapter 13. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Solutions Studied 405Virginie LELARGE, Thierry BOUCHET, Brice HERMANT, Aurélien BOUHIER, Julian BERROU and Cédric AUVRAY13.1 The industrial approach to ocean thermal energy conversion 40513.2. The energy conversion system at the heart of OTEC 40613.3. Integration of OTEC plants 43513.4. An OTEC plant in the marine environment 45213.5. Conclusion 46113.6. Bibliography 461Chapter 14. Electrical Conversion Systems 463Jacques COURAULT14.1. Historical introduction 46314.2. General facts 46414.3. Voltage inverters in pulse width modulation 48814.4. Storage 51914.5. Control of the voltage Ed 52114.6. Filtering the output voltages 52514.7. Transmission 53614.8. Technology 55314.9. Maintenance 56714.10. Conclusion 56714.11. Bibliography 569Chapter 15. Cables for Collecting and Transmitting Energy Produced by Offshore Technologies 571Pierre ARGAUT15.1. Introduction 57115.2. General facts 57215.3. Functions of high-voltage cable systems 57415.4. Manufacture of submarine cables 60615.5. Principles and tools for the design of submarine cables 61615.6. Tests of submarine cables 62315.7. Specificities of DC cables 62615.8. Specificities of dynamic cables 62615.9. Electrical characteristics of submarine cables 62615.10. New advances presented during JICABLE 2011 62815.11. Bibliography 629List of Authors 633Index 637

“The focus on a type of environment rather than a single technology may prove to be most useful, at least at initial stages of planning renewable energy development.”  (Book News, 1 April 2012)

Bernard Multon is Professor at Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Bruz, France.

• Foreword xvMichel PAILLARDPreface xviiBernard MULTONChapter 1. Marine Environment and Energy Resources 1Raymond NERZIC and Jean-Pierre MAZÉ1.1. Introduction 11.2. Physical and potential resources 21.3. Physical aspects of the marine environment 121.4. Environmental data 171.5. Bibliography 22Chapter 2. Constraints of the Marine Environment 23Marc PREVOSTO, Peter DAVIES, Chantal COMPÈRE and Michel OLAGNON2.1. Extreme conditions at sea 232.2. Materials in the marine environment 312.3. Bibliography 40Chapter 3. Some Concepts of Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering 43Aurélien BABARIT, Hakim MOUSLIM and Jean-Marc ROUSSET3.1. The marine environment 433.2. Loads on marine structures 483.3. Numerical and experimental tools for analysis 553.4. Conclusion 653.5. Bibliography 65Chapter 4. Marine Energy and Industrial Actors 67Guy BESLIN and Jacques RUER4.1. Why does marine energy concern large industrial players? 674.2. An energy source of immense potential 694.3. Marine energy: a sector reserved for industrial players and large-scale international investors 714.4. Example of offshore wind energy: the main players and industry in France 724.5. Industrial assembly 734.6. Industrial risks and how to manage them 754.7. Hazard management for interventions at sea 844.8. Design and maintenance of electricity-producing installations at sea 854.9. Policies and organization of maintenance 884.10. Operational and maintenance activities 904.11. Estimating maintenance costs 924.12. Decision-making by the investors 934.13. Conclusion 974.14. Bibliography 98Chapter 5. Installation of Wind Turbines at Sea 101Jacques RUER5.1. Peculiarities of the marine environment 1015.2. Design of the support structures of offshore wind turbines 1045.3. Assembly of offshore wind turbines 1115.4. Electrical cables 1155.5. Access to offshore wind turbines 1155.6. Floating wind turbines 117Chapter 6. Conversion Systems for Offshore Wind Turbines 123Cristian NICHITA and Brayima DAKYO6.1. Evolution of wind energy technology 1236.2. Estimating the wind energy resource 1406.3. Wind turbines 1516.4 Bibliography 168Chapter 7. Production of Tidal Range Energy 173Vincent DE LALEU7.1. Tidal range energy – theory and potential 1737.2. Potential of tidal range energy development 1777.3. Tidal range energy in France: the Rance Tidal Power Plant 1807.4. Tidal range energy in Canada – Annapolis 1927.5. Tidal range energy in the United Kingdom – the Severn 1977.6. Tidal range energy in South Korea – Sihwa 2087.7. The challenges of tidal range energy 2117.8. Bibliography 214CHAPTER 8. CONCEPTS, MODELING AND CONTROL OF TIDAL TURBINES 219Mohamed BENBOUZID, Jacques André ASTOLFI, Seddik BACHA, Jean Frédéric CHARPENTIER, Mohamed MACHMOUM, Thierry MAITRE and Daniel ROYE8.1. Introduction 2198.2. State of the art technology in tidal turbines 2208.3. Modeling and control of tidal turbines 2368.4. Bibliography 275CHAPTER 9. PAIMPOL-BRÉHAT: DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST TIDAL ARRAY IN FRANCE 279Pierre BRUN, Laurent TERME and Agnès BARILLIER9.1. Introduction and context 2799.2. Selection of technologies 2879.3. Technical specifications of the project and the producible power 2999.4. Administrative procedures 3059.5. Conclusion and perspectives 3099.6. Bibliography 310CHAPTER 10. FEEDBACK FROM THE SABELLA TIDAL CURRENT TURBINE PROJECT 311Jacques RUER10.1. Introduction 31110.2. Design of the Sabella turbines 31110.3. The demonstration project Sabella D03 31610.4. Conclusions 32110.5. Bibliography 321CHAPTER 11. WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS 323Judicaël AUBRY, Hamid Ben AHMED, Bernard MULTON, Aurélien BABARIT and Alain CLÉMENT11.1. Presentation of the wave energy resource 32411.2. Classification of wave energy converters 32911.3. Direct wave energy converters with direct electromechanical conversion (type C5) 34811.4. Fluctuations of power produced by wave energy converters 35811.5. Bibliography 363Chapter 12. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: A Historical Perspective 367Gérard NIHOUS and Michel GAUTHIER12.1. The thermal resource of the oceans 36712.2. Main principles of ocean thermal energy conversion 37312.3. Georges Claude, the pioneer 37812.4. A renaissance at the end of the 20th Century? 38312.5. Reflections 40012.6. Bibliography 401Chapter 13. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Solutions Studied 405Virginie LELARGE, Thierry BOUCHET, Brice HERMANT, Aurélien BOUHIER, Julian BERROU and Cédric AUVRAY13.1 The industrial approach to ocean thermal energy conversion 40513.2. The energy conversion system at the heart of OTEC 40613.3. Integration of OTEC plants 43513.4. An OTEC plant in the marine environment 45213.5. Conclusion 46113.6. Bibliography 461Chapter 14. Electrical Conversion Systems 463Jacques COURAULT14.1. Historical introduction 46314.2. General facts 46414.3. Voltage inverters in pulse width modulation 48814.4. Storage 51914.5. Control of the voltage Ed 52114.6. Filtering the output voltages 52514.7. Transmission 53614.8. Technology 55314.9. Maintenance 56714.10. Conclusion 56714.11. Bibliography 569Chapter 15. Cables for Collecting and Transmitting Energy Produced by Offshore Technologies 571Pierre ARGAUT15.1. Introduction 57115.2. General facts 57215.3. Functions of high-voltage cable systems 57415.4. Manufacture of submarine cables 60615.5. Principles and tools for the design of submarine cables 61615.6. Tests of submarine cables 62315.7. Specificities of DC cables 62615.8. Specificities of dynamic cables 62615.9. Electrical characteristics of submarine cables 62615.10. New advances presented during JICABLE 2011 62815.11. Bibliography 629List of Authors 633Index 637

“The focus on a type of environment rather than a single technology may prove to be most useful, at least at initial stages of planning renewable energy development.”  (Book News, 1 April 2012)