Marine Proteins and Peptides

Se-Kwon Kim, PhD is a Senior Professor at the Department of Chemistry and director of Marine Bioprocess Research Center (MBPRC) at Pukyong National University in the Republic of Korea. He is the editor of the Handbook of Marine Macroalgae, also published by Wiley-Blackwell.

• List of Contributors xxiii1 Marine-derived Peptides: Development and Health Prospects 1Se-Kwon Kim and Isuru Wijesekara1.1 Introduction 11.2 Development of Marine Peptides 11.3 Health Benefits of Marine Peptides 21.4 Conclusion 3References 32 Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Macroalgae, Fish, Shellfish and Marine Processing Waste 5Pádraigín A. Harnedy and Richard J. FitzGerald2.1 Introduction 52.2 Macroalgal, Fish and Shellfish Proteins: Potential Sources of Bioactive Hydrolysates and Peptides 52.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Macroalgal, Fish and Shellfish Processing Waste Proteins: Bioactive Protein Hydrolysates and Peptides 82.4 Endogenous Bioactive Peptides from Macroalgae, Fish and Shellfish 222.5 Bioactive Proteins from Macroalgae, Fish and Shellfish 222.6 Commercial Products Containing Marine-Derived Bioactive Protein Hydrolysates and Peptides 242.7 Conclusion 27Acknowledgement 27References 273 Lectins with Varying Specificity and Biological Activity from Marine Bivalves 41Bishnu Pada Chatterjee and Mausumi Adhya3.1 Introduction 413.2 Lectins 453.3 Isolation, Molecular Characterization and Carbohydrate Specificity of Bivalve Lectins 463.4 Biological Functions of Bivalve Lectins 60Acknowledgement 63References 634 Digestive Enzymes from Marine Sources 69Juan Antonio, Noriega Rodr´ıguez, Ramiro Baeza Jim´enez and Hugo Sergio García4.1 Introduction 694.2 Biodiversity and Availability 704.3 Marine Biocatalysts 704.4 Digestive Enzymes 734.5 Lipases 784.5.3 Transglutaminase 804.6 Industrial Applications 81References 835 Kamaboko Proteins as a Potential Source of Bioactive Substances 91Takeshi Nagai, Yasuhiro Tanoue, Norihisa Kai and Nobutaka Suzuki5.1 Introduction 915.2 Creation of Healthier and Safer Foods 945.3 Enzymatic Modification of Food Proteins 955.4 Kamaboko 955.5 Chemical Properties of Kamaboko 985.6 Expression of Health the Function of Kamaboko Proteins 985.7 Antioxidative Activities of Kamaboko Proteins 1005.8 Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme-Inhibitory Activities of Kamaboko Proteins 1045.9 Conclusion 108References 1086 Biological Activities of Fish-protein Hydrolysates 111Irineu Batista6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors 1116.3 Antioxidative Properties 1166.4 Anticancer Activity 1246.5 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity 1256.6 Calcium-Binding Peptides 1256.7 Appetite Suppression 1256.8 Anticoagulant Activity 1266.9 Immunostimulant Activity 1266.10 Hypocholesterolemic Activity 1266.11 Hormone-Regulating Properties 1276.12 Other Biological Activities 127References 1277 Biological Activities of Proteins and Marine-derived Peptides from Byproducts and Seaweeds 139Maria Hayes7.1 Introduction 1397.2 Bioactive Peptides 1407.3 Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 1417.4 Isolation and Characterisation of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 1417.5 Lectins 1447.5.1 Isolation of Lectins 1457.6 Phycobiliproteins 1457.7 Other Amino Acids and Peptides Present in and Derived from Macroalgae 1467.8 Membrane Processing 1477.9 Bioactivities of Marine-derived Peptides—inhibiting Proteases for Health 1477.10 Heart-health Bioactive Peptides 1487.11 Commercially Available Bioactive Peptides 1567.12 Conclusion 156References 1598 Ability of Diverse Marine Invertebrate Lectins to Regulate Cell Functions 167Yasuhiro Ozeki, Sarkar M. A. Kawsar, Yuki Fujii, Yukiko Ogawa, Shigeki Sugawara, Imtiaj Hasan, Yasuhiro Koide, Hidetaro Yasumitsu and Robert A. Kanaly8.1 Introduction 1678.2 Does a Feather Star Lectin have a Role in Regenerative Biology? 1698.3 A Novel Lectin from the Mediterranean Mussel Induces Apoptosis and Glycosphingolipid Interaction 1748.4 Downregulation of the Gene Expression of an ABC Transporter by a Novel Lectin-glycosphingolipid Pathway Involving a Suel-type Lectin Domain 1768.5 Perspectives on Studies of Invertebrate Lectins and Their Diverse Properties 180References 1819 Routes in Innate Immunity Evolution: Galectins and Rhamnose-binding Lectins in Ascidians 185Loriano Ballarin, Matteo Cammarata, Nicola Franchi and Nicoló Parrinello9.1 Animal Lectins 1859.2 Ascidians 1859.3 Galectins 1889.4 Rhamnose-binding Lectins 1949.5 Conclusion 198Acknowledgement 200References 20010 Production of Lactobacilli Proteinases for the Manufacture of Bioactive Peptides: Part I—Upstream Processes 207Dominic Agyei, Ravichandra Potumarthi and Michael K. Danquah10.1 Introduction: Bioactive Peptides—Production and Functionalities 20710.2 Lactobacilli Metabolism 20910.3 The Proteolytic System of The Lactobacilli 20910.4 Sources of Proteases and Advantages of Microbial Proteases 21110.5 Marine Lactobacilli 21210.6 Proteinase Production Requirements 21210.7 Effect of Fermentation Modes on Cell Growth and Proteinase Production 22010.8 Cell Systems for Proteinase Production 22210.9 Statistical Methods and Mathematical Models 22210.10 Conclusion 223Acknowledgement 223References 22311 Production of Lactobacilli Proteinases for the Manufacture of Bioactive Peptides: Part II—Downstream Processes 231Dominic Agyei, Ravichandra Potumarthi and Michael K. Danquah11.1 Introduction: Cell Recovery 23111.2 Isolation: Proteinase-extraction Methodologies 23111.3 Purification of Enzymes 23711.4 Enzyme Concentration and Storage 24411.5 Characterisation of Proteinase 24411.6 Solvent and Enzyme Engineering for Enhanced Stability and Specificity 24711.7 Conclusion 247References 24712 Recovery of Proteins and their Biofunctionalities from Marine Algae 253You-Jin Jeon and Kalpa Samarakoon12.1 Introduction 25312.2 Importance of Proteolytic Enzyme-assisted Extractions 25412.3 Marine-algal Functional Proteins and Peptides with Bioactivity 25512.4 Marine-algal Proteins: Potential Sources for Future Applications 26112.5 Conclusion 264References 26513 Fish Gelatin: A Versatile Ingredient for the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries 271Venkateshwarlu Gudipati13.1 Introduction 27113.2 Structural Features of Fish Gelatin 27213.3 Improvement of Functional Properties 27313.4 Applications in the Food Industry 27413.5 Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry 28413.6 Conclusion 287References 28814 Health Effects of Antioxidative and Antihypertensive Peptides from Marine Resources 297Ida-Johanne Jensen, Karl-Erik Eilertsen, Hanne K. Mæhre, Edel O. Elvevoll and Rune Larsen14.1 Introduction 29714.2 Antioxidative Peptides 29814.3 Antihypertensive Peptides 30714.4 Conclusion 313References 31315 Potential Novel Therapeutics: Some Biological Aspects of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 323Ruvini Liyanage, Barana C. Jayawardana and Suranga P. Kodithuwakku15.1 Introduction 32315.2 Marine-derived Proteins and Biopeptides with Antihypertensive Activity 32515.3 Anticancer Effects of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 33315.4 Antiviral Bioactivities of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 33815.5 The Future of Marine Peptides as Therapeutics 340References 34116 Hormone-like Peptides Obtained by Marine-protein Hydrolysis and Their Bioactivities 351Oscar Martínez-Alvarez16.1 Introduction 35116.2 Growth Hormone-Release Peptides 35216.3 Opioid-Like Peptides 35316.4 Immunomodulating Peptides 35716.5 Glucose Uptake-Stimulating Peptides 35816.6 Secretagogue and Calciotropic Activities 35916.7 Limitations on the use of Hormone-like Peptides as Nutraceuticals 36016.8 Further Development and Research Needs 361References 36217 Antimicrobial Activities of Marine Protein and Peptides 369Mingyong Zeng, Zunying Liu, Yuanhui Zhao and Shiyuan Dong17.1 Introduction 36917.2 Preparation, Purification and Characterization 37017.3 In Vitro Antimicrobial Studies 37317.4 Antimicrobial Mechanisms 37517.5 Applications and Prospects in Food Preservation 37817.6 Conclusion 380References 38018 Production and Antioxidant Properties of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 385Tao Wang, Qiancheng Zhao and Qiukuan Wang18.1 Introduction 38518.2 Production of Antioxidant Peptides 38618.3 Antioxidant Mechanism and Structure–activity Relationship 39218.4 Industrial Applications and Perspectives 400References 40119 Marine Peptides and Proteins with Cytotoxic and Antitumoral Properties 407João Varela, Catarina Vizetto-Duarte, Luísa Custódio, Luísa Barreira and Fernando Albericio19.1 Introduction 40719.2 Current Pipeline of Oncological Drugs Based on Natural Products 40719.3 Current Pipeline of Marine Peptides with Antitumoral Activity 40819.4 Major Biological Sources of Marine Cytotoxic Peptides and Proteins 41019.5 Structural Motifs in Cytotoxic Peptides 41019.6 Cytotoxic Acyclic Peptides 41619.7 Cytotoxic Cyclic Peptides 41919.8 Cytotoxic (Poly)Peptides Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Seafood 42019.9 Cytotoxic Polypeptides 42119.10 Conclusion 42119.11 Acknowledgments 422References 42220 ACE-inhibitory Activities of Marine Proteins and Peptides 431Mingyong Zeng, Yuanhui Zhao, Zunying Liu and Shiyuan Dong20.1 Introduction 43120.2 Determination of ACE-inhibitory Peptide Activity 43220.3 ACE-inhibitory Peptides from Marine Sources 43320.4 Types of ACE-Inhibitor Peptide 43520.5 Structure–Activity Relationships of ACE-Inhibitory Peptides 43520.6 Conclusion 437References 43721 Isolation and Biological Activities of Peptides from Marine Microalgae by Fermentation 441BoMi Ryu and Se-Kwon Kim21.1 Introduction 44121.2 Utilization of Fermentation to Hydrolyze Protein 44221.3 Microalgae As a Source of Protein 44221.4 Metabolites of Proteolytic Hydrolysis by Fermentation 44321.5 Hydrolyzed Microalgal Peptide Application 44421.6 Conclusion 445References 44622 Antioxidant Activities of Marine Peptides from Fish and Shrimp 449Mingyong Zeng, Shiyuan Dong, Yuanhui Zhao and Zunying Liu22.1 Introduction 44922.2 Production, Isolation, and Purification of Antioxidant Peptides 45022.3 Methods Used to Measure Antioxidant Activity 45322.4 Antioxidant Activity of Peptides 45622.5 Antioxidant Mechanisms of Peptides 46122.6 Applications and Prospects 462References 46423 Fish-elastin Hydrolysate: Development and Impact on the Skin and Blood Vessels 467Eri Shiratsuchi, Misako Nakaba, Yasutaka Shigemura, Michio Yamada and Kenji Sato23.1 Introduction 46723.2 Starter Materials for Fish-elastin Hydrolysate 46823.3 Preparation of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate 47023.4 Impact of Ingestion of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate on Skin Conditions 47123.5 Impact of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate on Blood Vessels 47723.6 Safety of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate 47923.7 Identification of Food-derived Elastin Peptide in Human Blood 48023.8 Effect of Food-derived Elastin-peptide Pro-gly on Cells 48223.9 Conclusion 483References 48424 Free Radical-scavenging Activity of Marine Proteins and Peptides 487Dai-Nghiep Ngo24.1 Introduction 48724.2 Formation of Free Radicals and Methods of Assaying Antioxidant Activity 48724.3 Free Radical-scavenging Activity of Marine Proteins and Peptides 49124.4 Conclusion 494References 49425 Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides: Their Cardioprotective Activities and Potential Applications 499M. Vijayakumar, A. Noorlidah, Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed, K. Priya and M. T. Rosna25.1 Introduction 49925.2 Cardiovascular Diseases and Nutraceuticals 50025.3 Sources of Marine Peptides 50025.4 Development of Marine Bioactive Peptides 50225.5 Oxidative Stress 50225.6 Antihypertensive Activity 50325.7 Anticoagulant Activity 50425.8 Conclusion 505References 50626 Biological Activities of Marine Bioactive Peptides 509Dai-Hung Ngo, Thanh-Sang Vo and Se-Kwon Kim26.1 Introduction 50926.2 Physiological Properties of Marine Bioactive Peptides 51026.3 Conclusion 517Acknowledgement 517References 51827 Shark Fin Cartilage: Uses, Extraction and Composition Analysis 523Chamila Jayasinghe27.1 Introduction 52327.2 History 52327.3 Uses 52427.4 Shark-fin Processing 52527.5 Extraction of Elastoidin and Chondroitin Sulfate 52627.6 Composition Analysis 526References 53028 Marine Bioactive Peptide Sources: Critical Points and the Potential for New Therapeutics 533Ratih Pangestuti and Se-Kwon Kim28.1 Introduction 53328.2 Marine Bioactive Peptide Sources 53428.3 Critical Points and the Potential for New Therapeutics 54128.4 Conclusion 541References 54229 Applications of Marine-derived Peptides and Proteins in the Food Industry 545D. M. Dilan Rasika, C. Senaka Ranadheera and Janak K. Vidanarachchi29.1 Introduction 54529.2 Marine-derived Proteins and Peptides Used in the Food Industry 54629.3 Collagen and Gelatin 55429.4 Extraction and Isolation of Marine-derived Proteins and Peptides 55629.5 Food-related Applications of Marine-derived Proteins and Peptides 56029.6 Conclusion 576References 57630 Processing and Industrial Aspects of Fish-scale Collagen: A Biomaterials Perspective 589Santanu Dhara, Pallab Datta, Pallabi Pal and Soumi Dey Sarkar30.1 Introduction 58930.2 Structure and Composition of Collagen 58930.3 Synthesis of Collagen 59030.4 Type-I Collagen 59130.5 Recombinant Collagen 59330.6 Fish’s Potential as an Alternative Source of Collagen 59430.7 Emerging Applications of Type-I Collagen 61330.8 Conclusion 621Acknowledgement 622References 62231 Properties, Biological Advantages and Industrial Significance of Marine Peptides 631Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed, M. Vijayakumar, R. Pallela, N. Abdullah, and R. M. Taha31.1 Introduction 63131.2 Marine-peptide Properties 63331.3 Industrial Development of Marine Bioactive Peptides 63431.4 Biological Applications of Marine Peptides 63631.5 Conclusion 638References 63832 Muscle Proteins of Fish and Their Functions 641Byul-Nim Ahn and Se-Kwon Kim32.1 Introduction 64132.2 Fish Muscles 64132.3 Myoglobin and Myofibrillar Proteins of Fish Muscle 64232.4 Sarcoplasmic Protein 64332.5 Antifreeze Proteins 643References 64433 Marine-derived Collagen: Biological Activity and Application 647W. M. Niluni Methsala Wijesundara and Buddika O. Malaweera33.1 Introduction 64733.2 Sources of Marine Collagen 65033.3 Applications of Marine Collagen 652References 66034 Marine Antifreeze Proteins: Types, Functions and Applications 667Sung Gu Lee, Jun Hyuck Lee, Sung-Ho Kang and Hak Jun Kim34.1 Introduction 66734.2 Types of Marine AFP 67034.3 Preparation of Fish AFPS 67734.4 AFP Applications 67934.5 Conclusion 684References 68535 Antimicrobial Peptides in Marine Mollusks and their Potential Applications 695Mahanama De Zoysa35.1 Introduction 69535.2 Characteristics of AMPS 69635.3 Diversity of AMPS in Marine Mollusks 69635.4 Applications of Mollusk-derived AMPS 703References 70436 Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides from Seafood and Crustacean Waste: Their Extraction, Bioactive Properties and Industrial Perspectives 709Anil Kumar Anal, Athapol Noomhorm and Punchira Vongsawasdi36.1 Introduction 70936.2 Overall Chemical Composition of Seafood and Crustaceans 71036.3 Extraction of Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides from Seafood and Crustacean Waste 71336.4 Characterization of Fish-protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides 72236.5 Functional and Bioactive Properties of Proteins and Peptides from Seafood and Crustacean Waste 72436.6 Conclusion 729References 73037 Production and Health Effects of Peptides from Fish Proteins 737Mahinda Senevirathne and Se-Kwon Kim37.1 Introduction 73737.2 Sources of Fish Peptides 73837.3 Production of Fish Peptides 73937.4 Health-promoting ability of fish peptides 74037.5 Future Trends of Peptides from Fish Proteins 74637.6 Conclusion 746References 747Index 753