Ricardo Calado, Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, PortugalIke Olivotto, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy.Miguel Planas Oliver, Departamento de Ecología Y Recursos Marinos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Spain.G. Joan Holt, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, USA.

• List of Contributors xxvForeword xxxiPart I Overview of Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture 11 The Marine Ornamental Species Trade 3Matthew R. Palmtag1.1 Introduction 31.2 History 41.3 Economics of Trade 51.4 Species of Trade 51.5 Organization of Trade 61.6 Environmental Impact 71.7 Marine Ornamentals Aquaculture 91.8 Conclusions 12Acknowledgements 12References 122 The Need for Cultured Specimens 15Ricardo Calado2.1 Introduction 152.2 Should All Marine Ornamental Species be Cultured? 162.3 Highly Demanded Marine Ornamental Species Cultured in Captivity 182.4 Conclusions 20References 213 Life Cycles in Marine Ornamental Species – Fishes as a Case Study 23Ike Olivotto, Ming‐Yih Leu and Mercedes Blázquez3.1 Introduction 233.2 Patterns of Sexuality in Fish 243.3 Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation in Fish 283.4 Molecular Markers of Sex Differentiation 293.5 Transcriptomic Studies on Fish Sex Differentiation 293.6 Demersal Spawners 303.7 Pelagic Spawners 343.8 Conclusions 38Acknowledgements 39References 394 Early Culture Trials and an Overview on U.S. Marine Ornamental Species Trade 51Andrew L. Rhyne, Michael F. Tlusty and Joseph T. Szczebak4.1 Introduction 514.2 Import Data and the Marine Aquarium Trade 524.3 Aquaculture for the Marine Aquarium Trade: Bottlenecks and Opportunities 584.4 Constraints and Opportunities for the Commercial Production of Marine Aquarium Species 594.5 Risks and Benefits of Aquaculture Production 634.6 Conclusions 66Acknowledgements 66References 66Part II Facilities, Culture Systems and Other Specific Requirements 715 Location 75Ricardo Calado5.1 Introduction 755.2 In Situ Culture 765.3 Ex Situ Culture 775.4 Licensing and Other Legal Issues 775.5 Conclusions 78References 786 Broodstock Systems 81Rui J.m. Rocha and Maria Teresa Dinis6.1 Introduction 816.2 Broodstock Management and Reproduction 826.3 Systems Design and Planning 826.4 Conclusions 96Acknowledgements 97References 977 Larviculture Systems 101Ike Olivotto and Miquel Planas Oliver7.1 Introduction 1017.2 Microcosms 1027.3 Mesocosms 1057.4 Conclusions 108Acknowledgements 109References 1098 Live Prey Production Systems 111Miquel Planas Oliver, Ike Olivotto and Claudia Turchi8.1 Introduction 1118.2 Microalgae 1128.3 Rotifers 1138.4 Artemia 1158.5 Copepods 1188.6 Other Prey 1218.7 Conclusions 122Acknowledgements 122References 1229 Larval Diets and Nutrition 125Ike Olivotto, Miquel Planas Oliver and Claudia Turchi9.1 Larval Nutritional Requirements 1259.2 Microalgae 1279.3 Rotifers, Artemia and Ciliates 1299.4 Copepods 1319.5 Inert Diets (Dry Food and Preserved Copepods) 1339.6 Conclusions 134References 13410 Growout and Broodstock Nutrition 139Steven R. Craig, Todd R. Gardner and Oliana Carnevali10.1 Introduction 13910.2 Nutritional Components 14010.3 Broodstock Nutrition 14510.4 Probiotics 14910.5 Conclusions 152References 15311 Considerations for Developing a Marine Ornamental Hatchery 159Avier J. Montalvo11.1 Introduction 15911.2 Hatchery Location 16011.3 Facility Layout 16011.4 Water Sources 16011.5 Electricity 16211.6 Lighting 16311.7 Tanks and Aquariums 16311.8 Diet and Nutrition 16711.9 Quarantine 16811.10 Filtration 16911.11 Market Assessment 17011.12 Quality Control 17111.13 Other Considerations 17111.14 Conclusions 172Acknowledgements 172References 172Part III Marine Ornamental Fishes Aquaculture 17512 Clownfish 177Ike Olivotto and Benjamin Geffroy12.1 Introduction 17712.2 Social Structure 17912.3 Sex Reversal in Clownfish 18012.4 Broodstock Nutrition 18212.5 Broodstock Tanks and Establishing Pairs 18312.6 Spawning 18512.7 Hatching, Larval Tanks and First Feeding 18712.8 Early Trials 19012.9 Conclusions 193Acknowledgements 194References 19413 Mouthbrooders – the Banggai Cardinalfish 201Alejandro A. Vagelli13.1 Introduction 20113.2 The Reproductive Biology of Pterapogon kauderni 20313.3 General Ecological Characteristics of Pterapogon kauderni 20713.4 Captive Breeding of Pterapogon kauderni 20913.5 Nutritional Aspects and Diseases 21613.6 Conclusions 219Acknowledgements 219References 21914 Other Demersal Spawners and Mouthbrooders 223Marcelo Shei, Miguel Mies and Ike Olivotto14.1 Introduction 22314.2 Gobies (Gobiidae) 22414.3 Blennies (Blenniidae) 22814.4 Dottybacks (Pseudochromidae) 23114.5 Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) 23614.6 Other Demersal Spawning Families 24014.7 Other Mouthbrooders 24214.8 Conclusions 243Acknowledgements 243References 24315 Large Angelfish and Other Pelagic Spawners 251G. Joan Holt, Ming‐Yih Leu, Chatham K. Callan and Brad Erisman15.1 Introduction 25115.2 Serranidae 25415.3 Lutjanidae 25715.4 Haemulidae 25815.5 Sciaenidae 26015.6 Chaetodontidae 26215.7 Pomacanthidae 26315.8 Labridae 26515.9 Callionymidae 26815.10 Ephippidae 26915.10.1 Spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) 26915.10.2 Orbiculate Batfish (Platax orbicularis) 26915.10.3 Longfin Batfish (Platax teira) 26915.11 Acanthuridae 27015.11.1 Palette Surgeonfish (Paracanthurus hepatus) 27015.11.2 Yellow Tang (Zebrasoma flavescens) 27115.12 Conclusions 273Acknowledgements 273References 27416 Dwarf Angelfish 279Frank Baensch16.1 Introduction 27916.2 Broodstock 28216.3 Larval Rearing 28616.4 Juvenile Growout 29316.5 Conclusions 295Acknowledgements 296References 29617 Seahorses and Pipefish 299Miquel Planas Oliver, Robert Burhans and Nuno Simoes17.1 Introduction 29917.2 Anatomy and General Biology 30017.3 Reproduction and Mating System 30117.4 Husbandry 30317.5 Rearing Systems 30717.6 Diseases 31117.7 Rearing of Selected Seahorse Species 31417.8 Rearing of Selected Pipefish 31717.9 Rearing of Seadragons 32017.10 Conclusions 322Acknowledgements 322References 32218 Post‐Larval Capture and Culture of Ornamental Fishes 327Gilles Lecaillon18.1 Introduction 32718.2 PCC Versus Fish Life Cycle 32818.3 Features Determining Species Suitability to the Marine Aquarium Trade 33018.4 Hobbyist Responsibilities 33518.5 Pcc Experiences 33918.6 Conclusions 342Acknowledgements 343References 34319 Common Diseases in Marine Ornamental Fishes 347Maria Letizia Fioravanti and Daniela Florio19.1 Introduction 34719.2 Parasitic Diseases 34919.3 Mycotic Diseases 35819.4 Bacterial Diseases 36019.5 Viral Diseases 36519.6 Conclusions 368Acknowledgements 368References 369Part IV Marine Ornamental Invertebrates Aquaculture 38120 Live Rock 385Nuno Simões, Andrés Altamira, Marcelo Shei and Francesco Perissonotti20.1 Introduction 38520.2 Trade of Live Rock: a Bit of History 38720.3 Types of Live Rock 38820.4 Principal Recipes to Make Your Own Aquacultured Live Rock 39120.5 Decoration Versus Filtration: Myth or Reality? 39220.6 Problems in Use 39320.7 Financial Issues? 39420.8 Observations on the Differences of Live Rock 39520.9 Conclusions 399Acknowledgements 399References 39921 Cnidarians 403Ricardo CaladoReferences 40421.1 Corals 406Miguel C. Leal, Christine Ferrier‐Pagès, Dirk Petersen and Ronald OsingaReferences 42921.2 Sea Anemones 437Anna ScottAcknowledgements 448References 44821.3 Jellyfish 457Mike Schaadt, Chad L. Widmer and Nancy SowinskiAcknowledgements 471References 47122 Decapod Crustaceans 475Ricardo CaladoReferences 47622.1 Shrimp 477Ricardo Calado, Junda Lin, Gilles Lecaillon and Andrew L. RhyneReferences 49122.2 Other Marine Ornamental Decapods 496Andrew L. Rhyne, Junda Lin and Ricardo CaladoReferences 50423 Molluscs 507Ricardo CaladoReferences 50823.1 Giant Clams 510Miguel Mies, Marcello S. Scozzafave, Felipe Braga and Paulo Y.g. SumidaAcknowledgements 529References 52923.2 Snails, Slugs and Cephalopods 536Gisela Dionisio, Filipa Faleiro and Rui RosaAcknowledgements 554References 55424 Polychaetes 565David R. Bybee and Joanna M. Murray24.1 Introduction 56524.2 Worms Sold in the Trade 56724.3 An Introduction on Ornamental Polychaete Culture 56724.4 Sexual Reproduction as a Method of Culture 56824.5 Asexual Reproduction and Regeneration as Methods of Culture 57124.6 Conclusions 575Acknowledgements 576References 57625 Other Invertebrates and Macroalgae 581Ricardo Calado and Martin Moe Jr.25.1 Introduction 58125.2 Sponges 58225.3 Tunicates 58325.4 Echinoderms 58325.5 Macroalgae 58925.6 Conclusions 590References 591Part V Other Issues in Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture 59526 Packing and Shipping 597Joao P. Correia and Nuno V. Rodrigues26.1 Introduction 59726.2 Packing 59826.3 Shipping 60226.4 Conclusions 606Acknowledgements 606References 60627 The Role of Public and Private Aquaria in the Culture and Conservation of Marine Ornamentals 609Ricardo CaladoReferences 61027.1 Public Aquaria 611Michael F. Tlusty, Nuria Baylina, Andrew L. Rhyne, Chris Brown and Mark SmithReferences 62027.2 Interaction Between Public and Private Aquaria 623Judy St. Leger and gary ViolettaAcknowledgements 632References 63228 How Nano Tanks can Foster the Demand for Bred and Cultured Marine Ornamentals 635Christiane Schmidt28.1 Introduction 63528.2 The Need 63728.3 Where we are Now 63828.4 Challenges 63928.5 Solutions 64128.6 Conclusions 645Acknowledgements 645References 645Part VI Future Challenges and Concluding Remarks 647Glossary 651Appendix 655Index 663