Manual of Clinical Nephrology of the Rogosin Kidney Center

1. Evaluation of patients with renal disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identifying Renal Disease.- 2.1. History.- 2.2. Family history.- 2.3. Physical examination.- 2.4. Urinalysis.- 2.5. The chemical data base.- 2.6. Radiologic techniques.- 2.7. Percutaneous renal biopsy.- 2.8. Risks and cost of procedures.- 3. Syndromes of Renal Disease.- 3.1. Acute renal failure.- 3.2. Chronic renal failure.- 3.3. Acute nephritic syndrome.- 3.4. Nephrotic syndrome.- 3.5. Urinary tract infection.- 3.6. Obstructive nephropathy.- 3.7. Renal tubular dysfunction.- 3.8. Nephrolithiasis.- 3.9. Accelerated hypertension.- 4. Conclusion.- 2. Disorders of water, sodium and potassium metabolism.- 1. Maintenance of Osmotic Homeostasis.- 1.1. General considerations.- 1.2. Free-water clearance.- 1.3. Renal concentrating and diluting mechanisms.- 1.4. Antidiuretic hormone.- 1.5. Summary of requirements for maximum water diuresis $$\left( {{C_{{H_2}O}}} \right)$$.- 2. Clinical States Associated with Hypo-osmolality.- 2.1. True dilutional hyponatremia.- 2.2. Renal failure.- 2.3. Decreased delivery of filtrate to diluting segment of the nephron.- 2.4. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH).- 2.5 Drugs associated with impaired free-water clearance.- 2.6. Endocrine deficiencies.- 2.7. Reset osmostat.- 2.8. Summary of the diagnostic approach to hyponatremia.- 3. Hypernatremia and Disorders of Urine Concentration.- 3.1. Low circulating levels of ADH.- 3.2. Renal tubular hyporesponsiveness to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus).- 3.3. Diagnostic approach to the patient with a disorder of urinary concentration.- 4. Disorders of Sodium Metabolism.- 4.1. Determinants of renal sodium excretion.- 4.2. Sodium retaining states (edema).- 4.3. Diuretic therapy.- 5. Disorders of Potassium Metabolism.- 5.1. Internal potassium balance.- 5.2. External potassium balance.- 5.3. Hyperkalemia.- 5.4. Hypokalemia.- 3. Acid-base disturbances.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Physiologic buffers.- 1.2. Respiratory control of pH.- 1.3. Renal control of H + excretion.- 1.4. Clinical definitions.- 1.5. Diagnostic approach.- 2. Metabolic Acidosis.- 2.1. Anion gap.- 2.2. Metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap.- 2.3. Metabolic acidosis associated with a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic).- 2.4. Treatment of metabolic acidosis.- 3. Metabolic Alkalosis.- 3.1. Metabolic alkalosis associated with low urinary Cl -.- 3.2. Metabolic alkalosis associated with normal or increased urinary Cl -.- 3.3. Treatment of metabolic alkalosis.- 4. Respiratory Alkalosis.- 5. Respiratory Acidosis.- 6. Mixed Acid-Base Disorders.- 4. Glomerulonephropathies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Asymptomatic Urinary Abnormalities.- 2.1. Hematuria.- 2.2. Asymptomatic proteinuria.- 2.3. Asymptomatic proteinuria and hematuria.- 3. Nephrotic Syndrome.- 3.1. Definition.- 3.2. Pathogenesis of proteinuria.- 3.3. Patient presentation and evaluation.- 3.4. Clinicopathological correlation.- 4. Acute Nephritic Syndrome.- 4.1. Definition.- 4.2. Patient presentation and evaluation.- 4.3. Clinicopathological correlation.- 4.4. Management of acute nephritic syndrome.- 4.5. Prognosis.- 5. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN).- 5.1. Definition.- 5.2. Patient presentation and evaluation.- 5.3. Clinicopathological correlation.- 6. Chronic Nephritic Syndrome.- 6.1. Definition.- 6.2. Patient presentation and evaluation.- 7. Glomerulonephritis and Systemic Disease.- 7.1. Metabolic and inherited diseases.- 7.2. Hereditary nephritis.- 7.3. Infectious disease.- 7.4. Toxic nephropathy.- 7.5. Collagen vascular disease.- 7.6. Dysproteinemias.- 7.7. Pregnancy.- 5. Urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis.- 1. Prevalence.- 1.1. Overall incidence.- 1.2. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in children.- 1.3. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in adults.- 2. Clinical Significance of Bacteriuria.- 2.1. Pregnancy and urinary tract infection.- 2.2. Hypertension and urinary tract infection.- 2.3. Diabetes and urinary tract infection.- 2.4. Bacteriuria in