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Produktinformation
- Utgivningsdatum2013-10-11
- Mått210 x 260 x 44 mm
- Vikt2 000 g
- FormatInbunden
- SpråkEngelska
- Upplaga5
- FörlagPearson Education (US)
- ISBN9780133356717
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Robert L. Norton earned undergraduate degrees in both mechanical engineering and industrial technology at Northeastern University and an MS in engineering design at Tufts University. He is a registered professional engineer in Massachusetts. He has extensive industrial experience in engineering design and manufacturing and many years’ experience teaching mechanical engineering, engineering design, computer science, and related subjects at Northeastern University, Tufts University, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute. At Polaroid Corporation for 10 years, he designed cameras, related mechanisms, and high-speed automated machinery. He spent three years at Jet Spray Cooler Inc., designing food-handling machinery and products. For five years he helped develop artificial-heart and noninvasive assisted-circulation (counterpulsation) devices at the Tufts New England Medical Center and Boston City Hospital. Since leaving industry to join academia, he has continued as an independent consultant on engineering projects ranging from disposable medical products to high-speed production machinery. He holds 13 U.S. patents. Norton has been on the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute since 1981 and is currently the Milton P. Higgins II Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Russell P. Searle Distinguished Instructor, Head of the Design Group in that department, and the Director of the Gillette Project Center at WPI. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in mechanical engineering with emphasis on design, kinematics, vibrations, and dynamics of machinery. He is the author of numerous technical papers and journal articles covering kinematics, dynamics of machinery, cam design and manufacturing, computers in education, and engineering education and of the texts Design of Machinery, Machine Design: An Integrated Approach and the Cam Design and Manufacturing Handbook. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers. But, since his main interest is in teaching, he is most proud of the fact that, in 2007, he was chosen as U. S. Professor of the Year for the State of Massachusetts by the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, who jointly present the only national awards for teaching excellence given in the United States of America.
- PrefacePart I Fundamentals Chapter 1 Introduction to Design1.1 DesignMachine Design Machine Iteration 1.2 A Design Process1.3 Problem Formulation and CalculationDefinition Stage Preliminary Design Stage Detailed Design Stage Documentation Stage 1.4 The Engineering ModelEstimation and First-Order Analysis The Engineering Sketch 1.5 C omputer-Aided Design and EngineeringComputer-Aided Design (CAD) Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) Computational Accuracy 1.6 The Engineering Report1.7 Factors of Safety and Design CodesFactor of Safety Choosing a Safety Factor Design and Safety Codes 1.8 Statistical Considerations1.9 Units1.10 Summary1.11 References1.12 Web References1.13 Bibliography1.14 ProblemsChapter 2 Materials and Processes2.0 Introduction2.1 Material-Property DefinitionsThe Tensile Test Ductility and Brittleness The Compression Test The Bending Test The Torsion Test Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit Impact Resistance Fracture Toughness Creep and Temperature Effects 2.2 The Statistical Nature of Material Properties2.3 Homogeneity and Isotropy2.4 HardnessHeat Treatment Surface (Case) Hardening Heat Treating Nonferrous Materials Mechanical Forming and Hardening 2.5 Coatings and Surface TreatmentsGalvanic Action Electroplating Electroless Plating Anodizing Plasma-Sprayed Coatings Chemical Coatings 2.6 General Properties of MetalsCast Iron Cast Steels Wrought Steels Steel Numbering Systems Aluminum Titanium Magnesium Copper Alloys 2.7 General Properties of NonmetalsPolymers Ceramics Composites 2.8 Selecting Materials2.9 Summary2.10 References2.11 Web References2.12 Bibliography2.13 ProblemsChapter 3 Kinematics and Load Determination3.0 Introduction3.1 Degree of Freedom3.2 Mechanisms3.3 Calculating Degree of Freedom (Mobility)3.4 Common 1-DOF MechanismsFourbar Linkage and the Grashof Condition Sixbar LinkageCam and Follower 3.5 Analyzing Linkage MotionTypes of Motion Complex Numbers as Vectors The Vector Loop Equation 3.6 Analyzing the Fourbar LinkageSolving for Position in the Fourbar Linkage Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Linkage Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Linkage 3.7 Analyzing the Fourbar Crank-SliderSolving for Position in the Fourbar Crank-Slider Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Crank-SliderSolving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Crank-Slider Other Linkages 3.8 Cam Design and AnalysisThe Timing Diagram The svaj Diagram Polynomials for the Double-Dwell Case Polynomials for the Single-Dwell Case Pressure AngleRadius of Curvature3.9 Loading Classes For Force Analysis3.10 Free-body Diagrams3.11 Load AnalysisThree-Dimensional Analysis Two-Dimensional Analysis Static Load Analysis 3.12 Two-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Studies3.13 Three-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Study3.14 Dynamic Loading Case Study3.15 Vibration LoadingNatural Frequency Dynamic Forces 3.16 Impact LoadingEnergy Method 3.17 Beam LoadingShear and Moment Singularity Functions Superposition3.18 Summary3.19 References3.20 Web References3.21 Bibliography3.22 ProblemsChapter 4 Stress, Strain, and Deflection4.0 Introduction4.1 Stress4.2 Strain4.3 Principal Stresses4.4 Plane Stress and Plane StrainPlane Stress Plane Strain 4.5 Mohr’s Circles4.6 Applied Versus Principal Stresses4.7 Axial Tension4.8 Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and TearoutDirect Shear Direct Bearing Tearout Failure 4.9 Beams and Bending StressesBeams in Pure Bending Shear Due to Transverse Loading 4.10 Deflection in BeamsDeflection by Singularity Functions Statically Indeterminate Beams 4.11 Castigliano’s MethodDeflection by Castigliano’s Method Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano’s Method 4.12 Torsion4.13 Combined Stresses4.14 Spring Rates4.15 Stress Concentration Stress Concentration Under Static LoadingStress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations 4.16 Axial Compression - ColumnsSlenderness Ratio Short Columns Long Columns End Conditions Intermediate Columns 4.17 S tresses in CylindersThick-Walled Cylinders Thin-Walled Cylinders 4.18 Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis4.19 Summary4.20 References4.21 Bibliography4.22 ProblemsChapter 5 Static Failure Theories5.0 Introduction5.1 Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static LoadingThe von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory The Maximum Shear-Stress TheoryThe Maximum Normal-Stress Theory Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories 5.2 Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static LoadingEven and Uneven Materials The Coulomb-Mohr Theory The Modified-Mohr Theory 5.3 Fracture MechanicsFracture-Mechanics Theory Fracture Toughness Kc 5.4 Using The Static Loading Failure Theories5.5 Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis5.6 Summary5.7 References5.8 Bibliography5.9 ProblemsChapter 6 Fatigue Failure Theories6.0 IntroductionHistory of Fatigue Failure 6.1 Mechanism of Fatigue FailureCrack Initiation Stage Crack Propagation Stage Fracture 6.2 Fatigue-Failure ModelsFatigue Regimes The Stress-Life Approach 3The Strain-Life Approach The LEFM Approach 6.3 Machine-Design Considerations6.4 Fatigue LoadsRotating Machinery Loading Service Equipment Loading6.5 Measuring Fatigue Failure CriteriaFully Reversed StressesCombined Mean and Alternating Stress Fracture-Mechanics Criteria Testing Actual Assemblies 6.6 Estimating Fatigue Failure CriteriaEstimating the Theoretical Fatigue Strength Sf ’ or Endurance Limit Se’ Correction Factors–Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit Corrected Fatigue Strength Sf or Corrected Endurance Limit Se Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams6.7 Notches and Stress ConcentrationsNotch Sensitivity 6.8 Residual Stresses6.9 Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue6.10 Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial StressesDesign Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading6.11 Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial StressesCreating the Modified-Goodman Diagram Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses Determining the Safety Factor with Fluctuating Stresses Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses6.12 Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in FatigueFrequency and Phase RelationshipsFully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial StressesComplex Multiaxial Stresses6.13 A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design6.14 A Case Study in Fatigue Design6.15 Summary6.16 References6.17 Bibliography6.18 ProblemsChapter 7 Surface Failure7.0 Introduction7.1 Surface Geometry7.2 Mating Surfaces7.3 FrictionEffect of Roughness on Friction Effect of Velocity on Friction Rolling FrictionEffect of Lubricant on Friction 7.4 Adhesive WearThe Adhesive-Wear Coefficient 7.5 Abrasive WearAbrasive Materials Abrasion-Resistant Materials 7.6 Corrosion WearCorrosion Fatigue Fretting Corrosion 7.7 Surface Fatigue7.8 Spherical ContactContact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact 7.9 Cylindrical ContactContact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact 7.10 General ContactContact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact Stress Distributions in General Contact 7.11 Dynamic Contact StressesEffect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses 7.12 Surface Fatigue Failure Models–Dynamic Contact7.13 Surface Fatigue Strength7.14 Summary7.15 References7.16 ProblemsChapter 8 Finite element Analysis8.0 IntroductionStress and Strain Computation 8.1 Finite Element Method8.2 Element TypesElement Dimension and Degree of Freedom (DOF) Element OrderH-Elements Versus P-Elements Element Aspect Ratio 8.3 MeshingMesh Density Mesh Refinement Convergence 8.4 Boundary Conditions8.5 Applying Loads8.6 Testing the Model (Verification)8.7 Modal Analysis8.8 Case Studies8.9 Summary8.10 References8.11 Bibliography8.12 Web Resources8.13 Problems Part II Machine Design Chapter 9 Design Case Studies9.0 Introduction9.1 Case Study 8–A Portable Air Compressor9.2 Case Study 9–A Hay-Bale Lifter9.3 Case Study 10–A Cam-Testing Machine9.4 Summary9.5 References9.6 Design ProjectsChapter 10 Shafts, Keys, and Couplings10.0 Introduction10.1 Shaft Loads10.2 Attachments and Stress Concentrations10.3 Shaft Materials10.4 Shaft Power10.5 Shaft Loads10.6 Shaft Stresses10.7 Shaft Failure in Combined Loading10.8 Shaft DesignGeneral ConsiderationsDesign for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady TorsionDesign for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion 10.9 Shaft DeflectionShafts as Beams Shafts as Torsion Bars 10.10 Keys and KeywaysParallel Keys Tapered Keys Woodruff Keys Stresses in Keys Key Materials Key Design Stress Concentrations in Keyways 10.11 Splines10.12 Interference FitsStresses in Interference Fits Stress Concentration in Interference Fits Fretting Corrosion 10.13 Flywheel DesignEnergy Variation in a Rotating System Determining the Flywheel Inertia Stresses in Flywheels Failure Criteria 10.14 Critical Speeds of ShaftsLateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams–Rayleigh’s Method Shaft Whirl Torsional Vibration Two Disks on a Common Shaft Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft Controlling Torsional Vibrations 10.15 CouplingsRigid Couplings Compliant Couplings 10.16 Case Study 8B 10.17 Summary10.18 References10.19 ProblemsChapter 11 Bearings and Lubrication11.0 IntroductionA Caveat 11.1 Lubricants11.2 Viscosity11.3 Types of LubricationFull-Film Lubrication Boundary Lubrication 11.4 Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings11.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication TheoryPetroff’s Equation for No-Load Torque Reynolds’ Equation for Eccentric Journal Bearings Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings 11.6 Design of Hydrodynamic BearingsDesign Load Factor–The Ocvirk Number Design Procedures 11.7 Nonconforming Contacts11.8 Rolling-element bearingsComparison of Rolling and Sliding BearingsTypes of Rolling-Element Bearings11.9 Failure of Rolling-element bearings11.10 S election of Rolling-element bearingsBasic Dynamic Load Rating CModified Bearing Life Rating Basic Static Load Rating C0 Combined Radial and Thrust Loads Calculation Procedures 11.11 Bearing Mounting Details11.12 Special Bearings11.13 Case Study 10B11.14 Summary11.15 References11.16 ProblemsChapter 12 Spur Gears12.0 Introduction12.1 Gear Tooth TheoryThe Fundamental Law of Gearing The Involute Tooth Form Pressure Angle Gear Mesh Geometry Rack and Pinion Changing Center Distance Backlash Relative Tooth Motion 12.2 Gear Tooth Nomenclature12.3 Interference and UndercuttingUnequal-Addendum Tooth Forms 12.4 Contact Ratio12.5 Gear TrainsSimple Gear Trains Compound Gear Trains Reverted Compound Trains Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains 12.6 Gear ManufacturingForming Gear Teeth Machining Roughing Processes Finishing Processes Gear Quality 12.7 Loading on Spur Gears12.8 Stresses in Spur GearsBending Stresses Surface Stresses 12.9 Gear MaterialsMaterial Strengths AGMA Bending-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials AGMA Surface-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials 12.10 Lubrication of Gearing12.11 Design of Spur Gears12.12 Case Study 8C 12.13 Summary12.14 References12.15 ProblemsChapter 13 Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears13.0 Introduction13.1 Helical GearsHelical Gear Geometry Helical-Gear Forces Virtual Number of Teeth Contact Ratios Stresses in Helical Gears 13.2 Bevel GearsBevel-Gear Geometry and Nomenclature Bevel-Gear Mounting Forces on Bevel Gears Stresses in Bevel Gears 13.3 WormsetsMaterials for Wormsets Lubrication in Wormsets Forces in Wormsets Wormset Geometry Rating Methods A Design Procedure for Wormsets 13.4 Case Study 13.5 Summary13.6 References13.7 ProblemsChapter 14 Spring Design14.0 Introduction14.1 Spring Rate14.2 Spring Configurations14.3 Spring MaterialsSpring Wire Flat Spring Stock 14.4 Helical Compression SpringsSpring Lengths End Details Active Coils Spring Index Spring Deflection Spring Rate Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils Helical Coil Springs of Nonround Wire Residual Stresses Buckling of Compression Springs Compression-Spring Surge Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire 14.5 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading14.6 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading14.7 Helical Extension SpringsActive Coils in Extension Springs Spring Rate of Extension Springs Spring Index of Extension Springs Coil Preload in Extension Springs Deflection of Extension Springs Coil Stresses in Extension Springs End Stresses in Extension Springs Surging in Extension Springs Material Strengths for Extension Springs Design of Helical Extension Springs 14.8 Helical Torsion SpringsTerminology for Torsion Springs Number of Coils in Torsion Springs Deflection of Torsion Springs Spring Rate of Torsion Springs Coil Closure Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs Material Parameters for Torsion Springs Safety Factors for Torsion Springs Designing Helical Torsion Springs 14.9 Belleville Spring WashersLoad-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers Stresses in Belleville Washers Static Loading of Belleville Washers Dynamic Loading Stacking Springs Designing Belleville Springs 14.10 Case Study 10C 14.11 Summary14.12 References14.13 ProblemsChapter 15 Screws and Fasteners15.0 Introduction15.1 Standard Thread FormsTensile Stress Area Standard Thread Dimensions 15.2 Power ScrewsSquare, Acme, and Buttress Threads Power Screw Application Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis Friction Coefficients Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws Screw Efficiency Ball Screws 15.3 Stresses in ThreadsAxial Stress Shear Stress Torsional Stress 15.4 Types of Screw Fasteners Classification by Intended Use Classification by Thread Type Classification by Head Style Nuts and Washers15.5 Manufacturing Fasteners15.6 Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws15.7 Preloaded Fasteners in TensionPreloaded Bolts Under Static Loading Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading 15.8 Determining the Joint Stiffness FactorJoints With Two Plates of the Same Material Joints With Two Plates of Different Materials Gasketed Joints 15.9 C ontrolling PreloadThe Turn-of-the-Nut Method Torque-Limited Fasteners Load-Indicating WashersTorsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts 15.10 Fasteners in ShearDowel Pins Centroids of Fastener Groups Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners 15.11 Case Study 8D 15.12 Summary15.13 References15.14 Bibliography15.15 Problems16.0 IntroductionChapter 16 Weldments16.1 Welding ProcessesTypes of Welding in Common Use Why Should a Designer Be Concerned with the Welding Process?16.2 Weld Joints and Weld TypesJoint PreparationWeld Specification 16.3 Principles of Weldment Design16.4 Static Loading of Welds16.5 Static Strength of WeldsResidual Stresses in Welds Direction of LoadingAllowable Shear Stress for Statically Loaded Fillet and PJP Welds 16.6 Dynamic Loading of WeldsEffect of Mean Stress on Weldment Fatigue Strength Are Correction Factors Needed For Weldment Fatigue Strength? Effect of Weldment Configuration on Fatigue Strength Is There an Endurance Limit for Weldments? Fatigue Failure in Compression Loading? 16.7 Treating a Weld as a Line16.8 Eccentrically Loaded Weld Patterns16.9 Design Considerations for Weldments in Machines16.10 Summary16.11 References16.12 Problems17.0 IntroductionChapter 17 Clutches and Brakes17.1 Types of Brakes and Clutches17.2 Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification17.3 Clutch and Brake Material17.4 Disk ClutchesUniform Pressure Uniform Wear 17.5 Disk Brakes17.6 Drum BrakesShort-Shoe External Drum Brakes Long-Shoe External Drum Brakes Long-Shoe Internal Drum Brakes 17.7 Summary17.8 References17.9 Bibliography17.10 ProblemsAppendices A Material PropertiesB Beam TablesC Stress-Concentration FactorsD Answers to Selected ProblemsIndex