Fanny Lopez is Associate Professor at the École d'architecture de la ville et des territoires at Marne-la-Vallée, Paris-Est University, France.Margot Pellegrino is Associate Professor at Marne-la-Vallée, Paris-Est University, France.Olivier Coutard is a full-time CNRS Researcher at LATTS (Research Center on Technologies, Territories and Societies), Paris-Est University, France.

• Foreword xiiiIntroduction xvFanny LOPEZ, Margot PELLEGRINO and Olivier COUTARDPart 1. Governance and Actors 1Chapter 1. Urban Planning and Energy: New Relationships, New Local Governance 3Cyril ROGER-LACAN1.1. Distributed energy: the constant adaptation of urban areas 41.2. “Sustainable cities” and new energy systems: from harmonization to a common origin 91.3. Reshaping local governance 121.4. References 17Chapter 2. Decentralized Energy and Cities: Tools and Levers for Urban Energy Decentralization 19Allan JONES MBE2.1. Introduction 192.2. Background 202.3. Woking, UK 202.4. London, UK 222.5. Sydney, Australia 242.5.1. Background 242.5.2. Sustainable Sydney 2030 252.5.3. Green Infrastructure Plan 262.5.4. Trigeneration Master Plan 262.5.5. Renewable Energy Master Plan 272.5.6. Advanced Waste Treatment Master Plan 292.5.7. CitySwitch Green Office Program 302.5.8. Better Buildings Partnership 312.5.9. Environmental Upgrade Agreements 312.5.10. City of Sydney Projects 332.5.11. Carbon-neutral Sydney 342.5.12. Conclusion 352.6. Seoul, South Korea 372.6.1. Background 372.6.2. Fukushima nuclear disaster 372.6.3. One Less Nuclear Power Plant 382.6.4. Seoul International Energy Advisory Council 392.6.5. International Energy Advisory Council 402.6.6. One Less Nuclear Power Plant, Phase 2 – Seoul Sustainable Energy Action Plan 402.6.7. Seoul Energy Corporation 412.6.8. Interregional cooperation 432.6.9. Conclusion 432.7. Overall conclusions 442.8. References 46Chapter 3. The Third Industrial Revolution in Hauts-de-France: Moving Toward Energy Autonomy? 47Eric VIDALENC3.1. The industrial revolutions in the region 483.1.1. The cornerstones of the first industrial revolution 483.1.2. The successors of the second industrial revolution: the automotive industry and electricity 503.2. The TIR’s resources in Hauts-de-France 543.2.1. An expanded view of some of the local expertise 553.2.2. The basis of local ecosystems 553.2.3. Strong political backing 563.2.4. The expansion of the TRI/REV3 brand 573.2.5. Multiple financial tools 573.2.6. Subregional territorialization: energy subsidiarity 583.2.7. Network managers are changing their views 593.3. Initial assessments and analyses 603.3.1. Late, but still a strong objective 603.3.2. An update on the TRI/REV3 trajectories 613.3.3. A techno-centered vision 633.3.4. Tensions regarding the priorities and temporalities 643.3.5. From solidarity to regional autonomy through energy subsidiarity 653.4. References 67Chapter 4. Rethinking Reliability and Solidarity through the Prism of Interconnected Autonomies 69Gilles DEBIZET4.1. Introduction 694.2. Four prospective scenarios for urbanized spaces 714.2.1. Large companies 724.2.2. Local authorities 724.2.3. Cooperative stakeholders 734.2.4. Regulating state 744.3. Intermediaries with new energy autonomies 754.3.1. Energy storage as an essential factor of autonomy 754.3.2. Energy autonomies as organizations 764.3.3. A combination of different energy scenarios according to the regions 774.4. A variety of decision-making scales relating to energy infrastructure 774.4.1. The country and the continent 784.4.2. Housing 784.4.3. The building 784.4.4. The district 794.4.5. The city or metropolis 794.5. Conclusion: solidarities must be reinvented in the era of connected energy autonomies 804.6. Acknowledgments 824.7. References 82Part 2. Urban Projects and Energy Systems 85Chapter 5. Critical Densities of Energy Self-sufficiency and Carbon Neutrality 87Raphael MÉNARD5.1. Introduction 875.1.1. What can environmental measures be related to? 895.1.2. Critical densities and catchment areas 915.2. Energy consumption density 925.2.1. Differences regarding the 2,000 watts 925.2.2. 0.1 watts per square meter as average for mainland France 945.3. Renewable energy production density 975.3.1. Renewable energy production is Eulerian 975.3.2. Energy harvesting plans 985.3.3. Quantification of the production flow of a region 995.4. Self-sufficiency, convergence: 1-W regions 1005.4.1. The 7 hectares, surface area per person in the world garden 1005.4.2. The story of urban transition in cities 1015.4.3. The fundamental equality of self-sufficiency 1075.4.4. Some self-sufficiency paths according to density 1085.5. Emission density and carbon neutrality 1105.5.1. Post-COP21 and carbon neutrality 1105.5.2. Equivalent emission densities 1125.5.3. Carbon sequestration density 1125.5.4. The fundamental equation of carbon neutrality 1135.6. Conclusion 1135.6.1. Continent–sea balance 1135.6.2. The city–countryside dichotomy 1145.6.3. The city, an energy-carbon monster 1145.6.4. The mathematics of density, relocating according to the right proportions 1155.6.5. The scales in question 1165.7. References 117Chapter 6. What Autonomy is Available in the Design of Energy Solutions within French Urban Development Projects? The Example of District Heating 119Guilhem BLANCHARD6.1. Introduction 1196.2. Urban heating within development projects: an opportunity for local monitoring of the energy system 1216.2.1. Windows of opportunity for local players 1216.2.2. Urban development and district heating projects still remain subject to numerous external constraints 1246.3. The decision-based autonomy of urban heating projects from the perspective of urban development projects’ technical management 1276.3.1. Design of the supply infrastructure: a weakly structured coordination between design arenas 1296.3.2. Coordination of supply and demand: an even more significant division 1326.4. Conclusions and final thoughts 1356.5. References 137Chapter 7. Positive Energy and Networks: Local Energy Autonomy as a Vector for Controlling Flows 141Zélia HAMPIKIAN7.1. Positive energy, autonomy and flow dynamics 1427.2. The case of Lyon confluence and the Hikari block: a rhetoric of mutualization for achieving partial self-sufficiency 1457.3. The “right” scale of autonomy and control over flows 1507.4. From autonomy to flow management: who is in charge? 1557.5. Conclusion 1607.6. References 161Chapter 8. From Energy Self-sufficiency to Trans-scalar Energy 163Florian DUPONT8.1. Self-sufficiency or sharing of the heat supply 1648.1.1. Four examples of scale jumping that question self-sufficiency 1648.1.2. Assess the strategic contribution of each operation to the networks 1708.2. Redefining the goal of self-sufficiency 1718.2.1. Using the cost–benefit analysis? 1718.2.2. Using a new financial paradigm including the old one? 1748.2.3. First achievement: 1,000 trees 1748.2.4. From self-sufficiency to synergies 1758.3. The importance of strategic planning using project levers 1758.3.1. Electricity networks redefine their mesh 1778.3.2. Liège: valorizing the electrical infrastructures of the industrial valley 1778.3.3. Mains gas seeks its revival 1788.3.4. From data to planning: cities think about energy 1798.4. Conclusion 181Part 3. Energy Communities 183Chapter 9. Sociotechnical Morphologies of Rural Energy Autonomy in Germany, Austria and France 185Laure DOBIGNY9.1. Introduction 1859.2. Technical choices and autonomy processes 1879.3. Actors of local energy autonomy 1909.4. Spatial and autonomy temporalities 1959.4.1. Bringing the relevant techniques into existence 1959.4.2. Social and geographical morphologies 1969.4.3. The influence of regulatory and legislative frameworks 2009.4.4. The role of energy policies and political structures 2019.4.5. Pioneer towns: “was it easier before?” 2039.5. From the construction to the transferability of “models” of autonomy: what impasses and issue are there? 2069.6. References 210Chapter 10. Community Energy Projects Redefining Energy Distribution Systems: Examples from Berlin and Hamburg 213Arwen Dora COLELL and Angela POHLMANN10.1. Introduction 21310.1.1. Rethinking networked infrastructures beyond “public versus private” 21410.1.2. Citizens claiming networked infrastructures in Germany’s largest cities 21410.2. Situational analyses of urban energy system transformation 21610.3. People have the power? Citizens claiming energy infrastructure 21710.3.1. (Re)negotiating infrastructures of decision-making on the power grid: the case of BEB 21710.3.2. From protest to empowerment: civil society engagement in Hamburg’s energy distribution systems 22310.4. Discussion: reconfiguring the social in sociotechnical? 22810.5. Conclusion 22910.6. References 231Chapter 11. Autonomy and Energy Community: Realities to Reconsider? 239Ariane DEBOURDEAU and Alain NADAÏ11.1. Introduction 23911.2. Mapping and genealogy of energy community approaches 24211.2.1. Technological element: innovation at the heart of energy communities 24511.2.2. The collective element: which communitie(s) favor energy issues? 24611.2.3. Institutional element: framing and empowering communities 24611.2.4. Discussion 24811.3. Scope and limits of existing works 24911.3.1. A high presence of instrumental and normative approaches 24911.3.2. The singularity of English language “critical localism” 25211.3.3. The locational nature of analytical frameworks 25311.3.4. The minimalist and shifting contents for the notion of community 25311.3.5. Discussion 26011.4. Conclusion 26311.5. References 265Part 4. The Challenges of Energy Autonomy 271Chapter 12. Regional Energy Self-sufficiency: a Legal Issue 273Benoit BOUTAUD12.1. Self-sufficiency analyzed through the prism of the territory 27412.1.1. A reality far from clichés 27412.1.2. Going beyond the productive aspect 27812.2. Regional energy self-sufficiency: a legal issue 28112.2.1. Municipalities that become legally self-sufficient 28112.2.2. The energy self-sufficiency of municipalities: an organizational challenge 28312.3. Conclusion 28712.4. References 288Chapter 13. Electricity Autonomy and Power Grids in Africa: from Rural Experiments to Urban Hybridizations 291Sylvy JAGLIN13.1. Introduction 29113.2. From the “crisis” to electrical experiments 29413.2.1. Electric disasters and riots 29513.2.2. Huge investment needs 29613.2.3. Renewables and decentralized systems: a third way for sub-Saharan Africa? 29813.3. Electrical hybridizations between pragmatic autonomy and new dependencies 29913.3.1. Rural experiments 30013.3.2. ... and urban hybridizations 30313.3.3. Off-grid under constraints 30513.4. Conclusion 30913.5. References 310Chapter 14. Energy Self-sufficiency: an Ambition or a Condition for Urban Resilience? 315Bruno BARROCA14.1. Introduction 31514.2. A matter of definitions 31614.3. Technical systems and resilience 31914.4. Self-sufficiency and functional resilience 32114.4.1. Functional resilience and system modeling 32114.4.2. Can self-sufficiency be achieved by managing failures of technical systems? 32214.5. Self-sufficiency and the meta-system: toward spatial resilience? 32414.5.1. Meta population, meta-system and self-sufficiency 32414.6. Conclusion 32714.7. References 327Chapter 15. Urban Metabolic Self-sufficiency: an Oxymoron or a Challenge? 331Sabine BARLES15.1. Introduction 33115.2. Energy and matter: urban metabolism 33215.3. The city and its hinterlands: the lack of physical autonomy 33515.4. Decision-making self-sufficiency: a challenge? 34115.5. Conclusion 34615.6. References 347List of Authors 351Index 353

Fanny Lopez is Associate Professor at the École d'architecture de la ville et des territoires at Marne-la-Vallée, Paris-Est University, France.Margot Pellegrino is Associate Professor at Marne-la-Vallée, Paris-Est University, France.Olivier Coutard is a full-time CNRS Researcher at LATTS (Research Center on Technologies, Territories and Societies), Paris-Est University, France.

• Foreword xiiiIntroduction xvFanny LOPEZ, Margot PELLEGRINO and Olivier COUTARDPart 1. Governance and Actors 1Chapter 1. Urban Planning and Energy: New Relationships, New Local Governance 3Cyril ROGER-LACAN1.1. Distributed energy: the constant adaptation of urban areas 41.2. “Sustainable cities” and new energy systems: from harmonization to a common origin 91.3. Reshaping local governance 121.4. References 17Chapter 2. Decentralized Energy and Cities: Tools and Levers for Urban Energy Decentralization 19Allan JONES MBE2.1. Introduction 192.2. Background 202.3. Woking, UK 202.4. London, UK 222.5. Sydney, Australia 242.5.1. Background 242.5.2. Sustainable Sydney 2030 252.5.3. Green Infrastructure Plan 262.5.4. Trigeneration Master Plan 262.5.5. Renewable Energy Master Plan 272.5.6. Advanced Waste Treatment Master Plan 292.5.7. CitySwitch Green Office Program 302.5.8. Better Buildings Partnership 312.5.9. Environmental Upgrade Agreements 312.5.10. City of Sydney Projects 332.5.11. Carbon-neutral Sydney 342.5.12. Conclusion 352.6. Seoul, South Korea 372.6.1. Background 372.6.2. Fukushima nuclear disaster 372.6.3. One Less Nuclear Power Plant 382.6.4. Seoul International Energy Advisory Council 392.6.5. International Energy Advisory Council 402.6.6. One Less Nuclear Power Plant, Phase 2 – Seoul Sustainable Energy Action Plan 402.6.7. Seoul Energy Corporation 412.6.8. Interregional cooperation 432.6.9. Conclusion 432.7. Overall conclusions 442.8. References 46Chapter 3. The Third Industrial Revolution in Hauts-de-France: Moving Toward Energy Autonomy? 47Eric VIDALENC3.1. The industrial revolutions in the region 483.1.1. The cornerstones of the first industrial revolution 483.1.2. The successors of the second industrial revolution: the automotive industry and electricity 503.2. The TIR’s resources in Hauts-de-France 543.2.1. An expanded view of some of the local expertise 553.2.2. The basis of local ecosystems 553.2.3. Strong political backing 563.2.4. The expansion of the TRI/REV3 brand 573.2.5. Multiple financial tools 573.2.6. Subregional territorialization: energy subsidiarity 583.2.7. Network managers are changing their views 593.3. Initial assessments and analyses 603.3.1. Late, but still a strong objective 603.3.2. An update on the TRI/REV3 trajectories 613.3.3. A techno-centered vision 633.3.4. Tensions regarding the priorities and temporalities 643.3.5. From solidarity to regional autonomy through energy subsidiarity 653.4. References 67Chapter 4. Rethinking Reliability and Solidarity through the Prism of Interconnected Autonomies 69Gilles DEBIZET4.1. Introduction 694.2. Four prospective scenarios for urbanized spaces 714.2.1. Large companies 724.2.2. Local authorities 724.2.3. Cooperative stakeholders 734.2.4. Regulating state 744.3. Intermediaries with new energy autonomies 754.3.1. Energy storage as an essential factor of autonomy 754.3.2. Energy autonomies as organizations 764.3.3. A combination of different energy scenarios according to the regions 774.4. A variety of decision-making scales relating to energy infrastructure 774.4.1. The country and the continent 784.4.2. Housing 784.4.3. The building 784.4.4. The district 794.4.5. The city or metropolis 794.5. Conclusion: solidarities must be reinvented in the era of connected energy autonomies 804.6. Acknowledgments 824.7. References 82Part 2. Urban Projects and Energy Systems 85Chapter 5. Critical Densities of Energy Self-sufficiency and Carbon Neutrality 87Raphael MÉNARD5.1. Introduction 875.1.1. What can environmental measures be related to? 895.1.2. Critical densities and catchment areas 915.2. Energy consumption density 925.2.1. Differences regarding the 2,000 watts 925.2.2. 0.1 watts per square meter as average for mainland France 945.3. Renewable energy production density 975.3.1. Renewable energy production is Eulerian 975.3.2. Energy harvesting plans 985.3.3. Quantification of the production flow of a region 995.4. Self-sufficiency, convergence: 1-W regions 1005.4.1. The 7 hectares, surface area per person in the world garden 1005.4.2. The story of urban transition in cities 1015.4.3. The fundamental equality of self-sufficiency 1075.4.4. Some self-sufficiency paths according to density 1085.5. Emission density and carbon neutrality 1105.5.1. Post-COP21 and carbon neutrality 1105.5.2. Equivalent emission densities 1125.5.3. Carbon sequestration density 1125.5.4. The fundamental equation of carbon neutrality 1135.6. Conclusion 1135.6.1. Continent–sea balance 1135.6.2. The city–countryside dichotomy 1145.6.3. The city, an energy-carbon monster 1145.6.4. The mathematics of density, relocating according to the right proportions 1155.6.5. The scales in question 1165.7. References 117Chapter 6. What Autonomy is Available in the Design of Energy Solutions within French Urban Development Projects? The Example of District Heating 119Guilhem BLANCHARD6.1. Introduction 1196.2. Urban heating within development projects: an opportunity for local monitoring of the energy system 1216.2.1. Windows of opportunity for local players 1216.2.2. Urban development and district heating projects still remain subject to numerous external constraints 1246.3. The decision-based autonomy of urban heating projects from the perspective of urban development projects’ technical management 1276.3.1. Design of the supply infrastructure: a weakly structured coordination between design arenas 1296.3.2. Coordination of supply and demand: an even more significant division 1326.4. Conclusions and final thoughts 1356.5. References 137Chapter 7. Positive Energy and Networks: Local Energy Autonomy as a Vector for Controlling Flows 141Zélia HAMPIKIAN7.1. Positive energy, autonomy and flow dynamics 1427.2. The case of Lyon confluence and the Hikari block: a rhetoric of mutualization for achieving partial self-sufficiency 1457.3. The “right” scale of autonomy and control over flows 1507.4. From autonomy to flow management: who is in charge? 1557.5. Conclusion 1607.6. References 161Chapter 8. From Energy Self-sufficiency to Trans-scalar Energy 163Florian DUPONT8.1. Self-sufficiency or sharing of the heat supply 1648.1.1. Four examples of scale jumping that question self-sufficiency 1648.1.2. Assess the strategic contribution of each operation to the networks 1708.2. Redefining the goal of self-sufficiency 1718.2.1. Using the cost–benefit analysis? 1718.2.2. Using a new financial paradigm including the old one? 1748.2.3. First achievement: 1,000 trees 1748.2.4. From self-sufficiency to synergies 1758.3. The importance of strategic planning using project levers 1758.3.1. Electricity networks redefine their mesh 1778.3.2. Liège: valorizing the electrical infrastructures of the industrial valley 1778.3.3. Mains gas seeks its revival 1788.3.4. From data to planning: cities think about energy 1798.4. Conclusion 181Part 3. Energy Communities 183Chapter 9. Sociotechnical Morphologies of Rural Energy Autonomy in Germany, Austria and France 185Laure DOBIGNY9.1. Introduction 1859.2. Technical choices and autonomy processes 1879.3. Actors of local energy autonomy 1909.4. Spatial and autonomy temporalities 1959.4.1. Bringing the relevant techniques into existence 1959.4.2. Social and geographical morphologies 1969.4.3. The influence of regulatory and legislative frameworks 2009.4.4. The role of energy policies and political structures 2019.4.5. Pioneer towns: “was it easier before?” 2039.5. From the construction to the transferability of “models” of autonomy: what impasses and issue are there? 2069.6. References 210Chapter 10. Community Energy Projects Redefining Energy Distribution Systems: Examples from Berlin and Hamburg 213Arwen Dora COLELL and Angela POHLMANN10.1. Introduction 21310.1.1. Rethinking networked infrastructures beyond “public versus private” 21410.1.2. Citizens claiming networked infrastructures in Germany’s largest cities 21410.2. Situational analyses of urban energy system transformation 21610.3. People have the power? Citizens claiming energy infrastructure 21710.3.1. (Re)negotiating infrastructures of decision-making on the power grid: the case of BEB 21710.3.2. From protest to empowerment: civil society engagement in Hamburg’s energy distribution systems 22310.4. Discussion: reconfiguring the social in sociotechnical? 22810.5. Conclusion 22910.6. References 231Chapter 11. Autonomy and Energy Community: Realities to Reconsider? 239Ariane DEBOURDEAU and Alain NADAÏ11.1. Introduction 23911.2. Mapping and genealogy of energy community approaches 24211.2.1. Technological element: innovation at the heart of energy communities 24511.2.2. The collective element: which communitie(s) favor energy issues? 24611.2.3. Institutional element: framing and empowering communities 24611.2.4. Discussion 24811.3. Scope and limits of existing works 24911.3.1. A high presence of instrumental and normative approaches 24911.3.2. The singularity of English language “critical localism” 25211.3.3. The locational nature of analytical frameworks 25311.3.4. The minimalist and shifting contents for the notion of community 25311.3.5. Discussion 26011.4. Conclusion 26311.5. References 265Part 4. The Challenges of Energy Autonomy 271Chapter 12. Regional Energy Self-sufficiency: a Legal Issue 273Benoit BOUTAUD12.1. Self-sufficiency analyzed through the prism of the territory 27412.1.1. A reality far from clichés 27412.1.2. Going beyond the productive aspect 27812.2. Regional energy self-sufficiency: a legal issue 28112.2.1. Municipalities that become legally self-sufficient 28112.2.2. The energy self-sufficiency of municipalities: an organizational challenge 28312.3. Conclusion 28712.4. References 288Chapter 13. Electricity Autonomy and Power Grids in Africa: from Rural Experiments to Urban Hybridizations 291Sylvy JAGLIN13.1. Introduction 29113.2. From the “crisis” to electrical experiments 29413.2.1. Electric disasters and riots 29513.2.2. Huge investment needs 29613.2.3. Renewables and decentralized systems: a third way for sub-Saharan Africa? 29813.3. Electrical hybridizations between pragmatic autonomy and new dependencies 29913.3.1. Rural experiments 30013.3.2. ... and urban hybridizations 30313.3.3. Off-grid under constraints 30513.4. Conclusion 30913.5. References 310Chapter 14. Energy Self-sufficiency: an Ambition or a Condition for Urban Resilience? 315Bruno BARROCA14.1. Introduction 31514.2. A matter of definitions 31614.3. Technical systems and resilience 31914.4. Self-sufficiency and functional resilience 32114.4.1. Functional resilience and system modeling 32114.4.2. Can self-sufficiency be achieved by managing failures of technical systems? 32214.5. Self-sufficiency and the meta-system: toward spatial resilience? 32414.5.1. Meta population, meta-system and self-sufficiency 32414.6. Conclusion 32714.7. References 327Chapter 15. Urban Metabolic Self-sufficiency: an Oxymoron or a Challenge? 331Sabine BARLES15.1. Introduction 33115.2. Energy and matter: urban metabolism 33215.3. The city and its hinterlands: the lack of physical autonomy 33515.4. Decision-making self-sufficiency: a challenge? 34115.5. Conclusion 34615.6. References 347List of Authors 351Index 353

Fanny Lopez is Associate Professor at the École d'architecture de la ville et des territoires at Marne-la-Vallée, Paris-Est University, France.Margot Pellegrino is Associate Professor at Marne-la-Vallée, Paris-Est University, France.Olivier Coutard is a full-time CNRS Researcher at LATTS (Research Center on Technologies, Territories and Societies), Paris-Est University, France.

• Foreword xiiiIntroduction xvFanny LOPEZ, Margot PELLEGRINO and Olivier COUTARDPart 1. Governance and Actors 1Chapter 1. Urban Planning and Energy: New Relationships, New Local Governance 3Cyril ROGER-LACAN1.1. Distributed energy: the constant adaptation of urban areas 41.2. “Sustainable cities” and new energy systems: from harmonization to a common origin 91.3. Reshaping local governance 121.4. References 17Chapter 2. Decentralized Energy and Cities: Tools and Levers for Urban Energy Decentralization 19Allan JONES MBE2.1. Introduction 192.2. Background 202.3. Woking, UK 202.4. London, UK 222.5. Sydney, Australia 242.5.1. Background 242.5.2. Sustainable Sydney 2030 252.5.3. Green Infrastructure Plan 262.5.4. Trigeneration Master Plan 262.5.5. Renewable Energy Master Plan 272.5.6. Advanced Waste Treatment Master Plan 292.5.7. CitySwitch Green Office Program 302.5.8. Better Buildings Partnership 312.5.9. Environmental Upgrade Agreements 312.5.10. City of Sydney Projects 332.5.11. Carbon-neutral Sydney 342.5.12. Conclusion 352.6. Seoul, South Korea 372.6.1. Background 372.6.2. Fukushima nuclear disaster 372.6.3. One Less Nuclear Power Plant 382.6.4. Seoul International Energy Advisory Council 392.6.5. International Energy Advisory Council 402.6.6. One Less Nuclear Power Plant, Phase 2 – Seoul Sustainable Energy Action Plan 402.6.7. Seoul Energy Corporation 412.6.8. Interregional cooperation 432.6.9. Conclusion 432.7. Overall conclusions 442.8. References 46Chapter 3. The Third Industrial Revolution in Hauts-de-France: Moving Toward Energy Autonomy? 47Eric VIDALENC3.1. The industrial revolutions in the region 483.1.1. The cornerstones of the first industrial revolution 483.1.2. The successors of the second industrial revolution: the automotive industry and electricity 503.2. The TIR’s resources in Hauts-de-France 543.2.1. An expanded view of some of the local expertise 553.2.2. The basis of local ecosystems 553.2.3. Strong political backing 563.2.4. The expansion of the TRI/REV3 brand 573.2.5. Multiple financial tools 573.2.6. Subregional territorialization: energy subsidiarity 583.2.7. Network managers are changing their views 593.3. Initial assessments and analyses 603.3.1. Late, but still a strong objective 603.3.2. An update on the TRI/REV3 trajectories 613.3.3. A techno-centered vision 633.3.4. Tensions regarding the priorities and temporalities 643.3.5. From solidarity to regional autonomy through energy subsidiarity 653.4. References 67Chapter 4. Rethinking Reliability and Solidarity through the Prism of Interconnected Autonomies 69Gilles DEBIZET4.1. Introduction 694.2. Four prospective scenarios for urbanized spaces 714.2.1. Large companies 724.2.2. Local authorities 724.2.3. Cooperative stakeholders 734.2.4. Regulating state 744.3. Intermediaries with new energy autonomies 754.3.1. Energy storage as an essential factor of autonomy 754.3.2. Energy autonomies as organizations 764.3.3. A combination of different energy scenarios according to the regions 774.4. A variety of decision-making scales relating to energy infrastructure 774.4.1. The country and the continent 784.4.2. Housing 784.4.3. The building 784.4.4. The district 794.4.5. The city or metropolis 794.5. Conclusion: solidarities must be reinvented in the era of connected energy autonomies 804.6. Acknowledgments 824.7. References 82Part 2. Urban Projects and Energy Systems 85Chapter 5. Critical Densities of Energy Self-sufficiency and Carbon Neutrality 87Raphael MÉNARD5.1. Introduction 875.1.1. What can environmental measures be related to? 895.1.2. Critical densities and catchment areas 915.2. Energy consumption density 925.2.1. Differences regarding the 2,000 watts 925.2.2. 0.1 watts per square meter as average for mainland France 945.3. Renewable energy production density 975.3.1. Renewable energy production is Eulerian 975.3.2. Energy harvesting plans 985.3.3. Quantification of the production flow of a region 995.4. Self-sufficiency, convergence: 1-W regions 1005.4.1. The 7 hectares, surface area per person in the world garden 1005.4.2. The story of urban transition in cities 1015.4.3. The fundamental equality of self-sufficiency 1075.4.4. Some self-sufficiency paths according to density 1085.5. Emission density and carbon neutrality 1105.5.1. Post-COP21 and carbon neutrality 1105.5.2. Equivalent emission densities 1125.5.3. Carbon sequestration density 1125.5.4. The fundamental equation of carbon neutrality 1135.6. Conclusion 1135.6.1. Continent–sea balance 1135.6.2. The city–countryside dichotomy 1145.6.3. The city, an energy-carbon monster 1145.6.4. The mathematics of density, relocating according to the right proportions 1155.6.5. The scales in question 1165.7. References 117Chapter 6. What Autonomy is Available in the Design of Energy Solutions within French Urban Development Projects? The Example of District Heating 119Guilhem BLANCHARD6.1. Introduction 1196.2. Urban heating within development projects: an opportunity for local monitoring of the energy system 1216.2.1. Windows of opportunity for local players 1216.2.2. Urban development and district heating projects still remain subject to numerous external constraints 1246.3. The decision-based autonomy of urban heating projects from the perspective of urban development projects’ technical management 1276.3.1. Design of the supply infrastructure: a weakly structured coordination between design arenas 1296.3.2. Coordination of supply and demand: an even more significant division 1326.4. Conclusions and final thoughts 1356.5. References 137Chapter 7. Positive Energy and Networks: Local Energy Autonomy as a Vector for Controlling Flows 141Zélia HAMPIKIAN7.1. Positive energy, autonomy and flow dynamics 1427.2. The case of Lyon confluence and the Hikari block: a rhetoric of mutualization for achieving partial self-sufficiency 1457.3. The “right” scale of autonomy and control over flows 1507.4. From autonomy to flow management: who is in charge? 1557.5. Conclusion 1607.6. References 161Chapter 8. From Energy Self-sufficiency to Trans-scalar Energy 163Florian DUPONT8.1. Self-sufficiency or sharing of the heat supply 1648.1.1. Four examples of scale jumping that question self-sufficiency 1648.1.2. Assess the strategic contribution of each operation to the networks 1708.2. Redefining the goal of self-sufficiency 1718.2.1. Using the cost–benefit analysis? 1718.2.2. Using a new financial paradigm including the old one? 1748.2.3. First achievement: 1,000 trees 1748.2.4. From self-sufficiency to synergies 1758.3. The importance of strategic planning using project levers 1758.3.1. Electricity networks redefine their mesh 1778.3.2. Liège: valorizing the electrical infrastructures of the industrial valley 1778.3.3. Mains gas seeks its revival 1788.3.4. From data to planning: cities think about energy 1798.4. Conclusion 181Part 3. Energy Communities 183Chapter 9. Sociotechnical Morphologies of Rural Energy Autonomy in Germany, Austria and France 185Laure DOBIGNY9.1. Introduction 1859.2. Technical choices and autonomy processes 1879.3. Actors of local energy autonomy 1909.4. Spatial and autonomy temporalities 1959.4.1. Bringing the relevant techniques into existence 1959.4.2. Social and geographical morphologies 1969.4.3. The influence of regulatory and legislative frameworks 2009.4.4. The role of energy policies and political structures 2019.4.5. Pioneer towns: “was it easier before?” 2039.5. From the construction to the transferability of “models” of autonomy: what impasses and issue are there? 2069.6. References 210Chapter 10. Community Energy Projects Redefining Energy Distribution Systems: Examples from Berlin and Hamburg 213Arwen Dora COLELL and Angela POHLMANN10.1. Introduction 21310.1.1. Rethinking networked infrastructures beyond “public versus private” 21410.1.2. Citizens claiming networked infrastructures in Germany’s largest cities 21410.2. Situational analyses of urban energy system transformation 21610.3. People have the power? Citizens claiming energy infrastructure 21710.3.1. (Re)negotiating infrastructures of decision-making on the power grid: the case of BEB 21710.3.2. From protest to empowerment: civil society engagement in Hamburg’s energy distribution systems 22310.4. Discussion: reconfiguring the social in sociotechnical? 22810.5. Conclusion 22910.6. References 231Chapter 11. Autonomy and Energy Community: Realities to Reconsider? 239Ariane DEBOURDEAU and Alain NADAÏ11.1. Introduction 23911.2. Mapping and genealogy of energy community approaches 24211.2.1. Technological element: innovation at the heart of energy communities 24511.2.2. The collective element: which communitie(s) favor energy issues? 24611.2.3. Institutional element: framing and empowering communities 24611.2.4. Discussion 24811.3. Scope and limits of existing works 24911.3.1. A high presence of instrumental and normative approaches 24911.3.2. The singularity of English language “critical localism” 25211.3.3. The locational nature of analytical frameworks 25311.3.4. The minimalist and shifting contents for the notion of community 25311.3.5. Discussion 26011.4. Conclusion 26311.5. References 265Part 4. The Challenges of Energy Autonomy 271Chapter 12. Regional Energy Self-sufficiency: a Legal Issue 273Benoit BOUTAUD12.1. Self-sufficiency analyzed through the prism of the territory 27412.1.1. A reality far from clichés 27412.1.2. Going beyond the productive aspect 27812.2. Regional energy self-sufficiency: a legal issue 28112.2.1. Municipalities that become legally self-sufficient 28112.2.2. The energy self-sufficiency of municipalities: an organizational challenge 28312.3. Conclusion 28712.4. References 288Chapter 13. Electricity Autonomy and Power Grids in Africa: from Rural Experiments to Urban Hybridizations 291Sylvy JAGLIN13.1. Introduction 29113.2. From the “crisis” to electrical experiments 29413.2.1. Electric disasters and riots 29513.2.2. Huge investment needs 29613.2.3. Renewables and decentralized systems: a third way for sub-Saharan Africa? 29813.3. Electrical hybridizations between pragmatic autonomy and new dependencies 29913.3.1. Rural experiments 30013.3.2. ... and urban hybridizations 30313.3.3. Off-grid under constraints 30513.4. Conclusion 30913.5. References 310Chapter 14. Energy Self-sufficiency: an Ambition or a Condition for Urban Resilience? 315Bruno BARROCA14.1. Introduction 31514.2. A matter of definitions 31614.3. Technical systems and resilience 31914.4. Self-sufficiency and functional resilience 32114.4.1. Functional resilience and system modeling 32114.4.2. Can self-sufficiency be achieved by managing failures of technical systems? 32214.5. Self-sufficiency and the meta-system: toward spatial resilience? 32414.5.1. Meta population, meta-system and self-sufficiency 32414.6. Conclusion 32714.7. References 327Chapter 15. Urban Metabolic Self-sufficiency: an Oxymoron or a Challenge? 331Sabine BARLES15.1. Introduction 33115.2. Energy and matter: urban metabolism 33215.3. The city and its hinterlands: the lack of physical autonomy 33515.4. Decision-making self-sufficiency: a challenge? 34115.5. Conclusion 34615.6. References 347List of Authors 351Index 353