Literature for Life

X. J. Kennedy, after graduation from Seton Hall and Columbia, became a journalist second class in the Navy (“Actually, I was pretty eighth class”). His poems, some published in the New Yorker, were first collected in Nude Descending a Staircase (1961). Since then he has written six more collections, several widely adopted literature and writing textbooks, and seventeen books for children, including two novels. He has taught at Michigan, North Carolina (Greensboro), California (Irvine), Wellesley, Tufts, and Leeds. Cited in Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations and reprinted in some 200 anthologies, his verse has brought him a Guggenheim fellowship, a Lamont Award, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize, an award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, an Aiken-Taylor prize, the Robert Frost Medal of the Poetry Society of America, and the Award for Poetry for Children from the National Council of Teachers of English. He now lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Dorothy have collaborated on four books and five children.Dana Gioia is an internationally acclaimed poet and critic. He is the author of three full-length collections of poetry, including Interrogations at Noon (2001), which won the American Book Award, and three collections of criticism, most notably Can Poetry Matter? (1992), which was a finalist for the National Book Critics Award. A best-selling literary anthologist, Gioia has edited or co-edited over two dozen collections of poetry, fiction, and drama. He has also written two opera libretti and has collaborated with composers in genres ranging from classical to jazz and rock. For six years (2003-2009) he served as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts where he gained strong bipartisan support for the previously imperiled agency and helped launch the largest literary programs in federal history, including The Big Read, Poetry Out Loud, and Shakespeare in American Communities. He was twice unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. For two years he directed the arts and culture programs for the Aspen Institute in Washington, D.C. and Colorado. He is currently the Judge Widney Professor of Poetry and Public Culture at the University of Southern California. He divides his time between Los Angeles and Sonoma County, California.Nina Revoyr is the author of four novels, The Necessary Hunger, Southland, and The Age of Dreaming. Southland was a Book Sense 76 pick, won the Lambda Literary Award, and was a Los Angeles Times "Best Book" of 2003. The Age of Dreaming was a finalist for the 2008 Los Angeles Times Book Prize. Revoyr lives and works in Los Angeles.

• Short Table of ContentsREADING AND THINKING ABOUT LITERATURE1. LITERATURE AND LIFE2. READING A STORY3. READING A POEM4. READING A PLAY5. READING AN ESSAYWRITING ABOUT LITERATURE6. WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE7. WRITING ABOUT A STORY8. WRITING ABOUT A POEM9. WRITING ABOUT A PLAY10. WRITING ABOUT AN ESSAY11. WRITING A RESEARCH PAPERREFERENCE GUIDE FOR MLA CITATIONSTHEMES OF LITERATURE, THEMES OF LIFE12. FAMILIES13. LOVE14. LIFE'S JOURNEY15. THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY16. PERSONAL IDENTITY17. NATURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT18. WAR AND PEACE19, CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATUREGLOSSARY OF LITERARY TERMSDetailed Table of Contents1. LITERATURE AND LIFEWhy Are You In this Course?Why Study Literature and Writing?Getting a Job• Career Growth• Reading and Writing Are Critical SkillsFifty Famous English Majors• You May Have Several Careers• Are You Prepared?Literature for LifeKenneth McClane, “Sonny's Blues” Saved My Life• The Value of Literature• By Way of an EndingCharles Bukowski, DostoevskyEmily Dickinson, There is no Frigate like a Book2. READING A STORYThe Art of FictionTypes of Short FictionElements of Fiction• Plot• Point of View• Character• Setting• Tone and Style• Symbol• ThemeJohn Updike A & PEdgar Allan Poe The Tell-Tale HeartKatherine Mansfield Miss BrillCHECKLISTS: Analyzing a Story3. READING A POEMTypes of Poetry: Lyric, Narrative, DramaticW. H. Auden Funeral BluesEdwin Arlington Robinson Richard CoryMargaret Atwood Siren SongReading a PoemElements of Poetry• ToneEmily Dickinson Wild Nights — Wild Nights!• WordsGina Valdés English Con Salsa• Denotation and ConnotationRobert Frost Nothing Gold Can Stay• ImageryLangston Hughes Harlem [Dream Deferred]• Figures of Speech• Sound• Rhythm• Form: Closed Form and Open FormMichael Drayton Since there's no help, come let us kiss and partMatsuo Basho Temple bells die outMatsuo Basho Heat-lightning streakTaniguchi Buson Moonrise on mudflatsKobayashi Issa only one guyAnonymous Epitaph on a DentistE. E. Cummings in Just-• SymbolWhat Is Poetry?CHECKLISTS: Analyzing a Poem4. READING A PLAYReading a PlayTheatrical ConventionsModes of Drama: Tragedy and ComedyElements of a PlaySusan Glaspell Trifles Analyzing Trifles• Conflict• Plot• Subplot• Protagonist• Exposition• Dramatic Question• Climax• Resolution and Dénouement• Rising and Falling Action• Unity of Time, Place, and Action• SymbolsCHECKLISTS: Analyzing a Play5. READING AN ESSAYWhat Is an Essay?History of the EssayTypes of Essays• Narrative Essay• Descriptive• Expository• ArgumentativeElements of Essays• Voice• Style• Structure• ThemeJoan Didion On MoralityAmy Tan Mother TongueCHECKLIST: Analyzing an EssayWRITING ABOUT LITERATURE6. WRITING ABOUT LITERATURERead ActivelyRobert Frost Nothing Gold Can StaySAMPLE STUDENT READING ANNOTATIONPlan Your EssayPrewriting: Discover Your IdeasSAMPLE STUDENT PREWRITING EXERCISES• Brainstorm• Cluster• List• Freewrite• Journal• OutlineDevelop a Literary ArgumentCREATE AN ARGUMENT• Purpose• Audience• ThesisBUILD AN ARGUMENT• Claims• Persuasion• Evidence• Warrants• CredibilityCHECKLIST: Developing an ArgumentSAMPLE STUDENT ROUGH DRAFTRevise Your DraftCHECKLIST: Revising Your DraftSAMPLE STUDENT ARGUMENT PAPERDocument Sources to Avoid PlagiarismThe Form of Your Finished PaperSpell-Check and Grammar Check ProgramsAnonymous A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers7. WRITING ABOUT A STORYRead ActivelySAMPLE STUDENT READING ANNOTATIONPrewriting: Discover Your IdeasSAMPLE STUDENT PREWRITING EXERCISESWrite a Rough DraftCHECKLIST: Writing a Rough DraftRevise Your DraftCHECKLIST: Revising Your DraftWhat's Your Purpose? Common Approaches to Writing About Fiction• ExplicationSAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION PAPER• AnalysisSAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS PAPER• Comparison and ContrastSAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PAPER• Response PaperSAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE PAPERTopics for Writing8. WRITING ABOUT A POEMRead ActivelyRobert Frost DesignSAMPLE STUDENT READING ANNOTATIONPrewriting: Discover Your IdeasSAMPLE STUDENT PREWRITING EXERCISESWrite a Rough DraftCHECKLIST: Writing a Rough DraftRevise Your DraftCHECKLIST: Revising Your DraftCommon Approaches to Writing About Poetry• ExplicationSAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION PAPER• AnalysisSAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS PAPER• Comparison and ContrastAbbie Huston Evans Wing-SpreadSAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PAPERHow to Quote a PoemTopics for WritingRobert Frost In White9. WRITING ABOUT A PLAYRead CriticallySAMPLE STUDENT READING ANNOTATIONCommon Approaches to Writing About Drama• Explication• Analysis• Comparison and Contrast• Drama ReviewSAMPLE STUDENT DRAMA REVIEWHow to Quote a PlayTopics for Writing10. WRITING ABOUT AN ESSAYRead ActivelyThink About the EssayPrewriting: Discover and Shape Your IdeasCommon Approaches to Writing About Drama• Explication• Analysis• Comparison and Contrast• Response PaperSAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE PAPERTopics for Writing11. WRITING A RESEARCH PAPERBrowse the ResearchChoose a Topic Begin Your ResearchCHECKLIST: Finding Reliable SourcesCHECKLIST: Using Visual ImagesEvaluate Your SourcesCHECKLIST: Evaluating Your SourcesOrganize Your ResearchRefine Your Thesis Organize Your PaperAcknowledge All Sources• Quotations• Citing IdeasDocuments Sources using MLA StyleSAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: Research PaperREFERENCE GUIDE FOR MLA CITATIONSTHEMES OF LITERATURE, THEMES OF LIFE12. FAMILIESFICTIONPARENTS AND CHILDRENAmy Tan A Pair of TicketsWilliam Faulkner Barn BurningLuke Parable of the Prodigal SonAlice Walker Everyday UseSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Parents and ChildrenCRITICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS CASEBOOKALICE WALKER'S “EVERYDAY USE”Alice Walker on WritingAlice Walker The Black Woman Writer in AmericaCriticism and Cultural ContextsBarbara T. Christian “Everyday Use” and the Black Power MovementMary Helen Washington “Everyday Use” as a Portrait of the ArtistElaine Showalter Quilt as Metaphor in “Everyday Use”Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”Images: Alice Walker and Her WorldAlice Walker in conversationScenes from Everyday Use (2003 film adaptation)Alice Walker at home surrounded by quilt artLone Star Quilt PatternSuggestions for Writing: “Everyday Use” in ContextBROTHERS AND SISTERSJames Baldwin Sonny's BluesTobias Wolff The Rich BrotherEudora Welty Why I Live at the P.O.Louise Erdrich The Red ConvertibleSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Brothers and SistersPOETRYCHILDREN LOOKING AT PARENTS, PARENTS LOOKING AT CHILDRENRobert Hayden Those Winter SundaysTheodore Roethke My Papa's WaltzRhina P. Espaillat Bilingual / BilingüeSylvia Plath DaddyWeldon Kees For My DaughterSharon Olds Rite of PassageSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Parents and ChildrenFAMILY LEGACIESRobert Hayden The WhippingTed Kooser A Room in the PastSeamus Heaney DiggingJulia Alvarez By AccidentLi-Young Lee The GiftDiane Thiel The MinefieldSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Family LegaciesPOET IN DEPTH: FAMILY BONDS A COLLECTION OF POEMS BY GWENDOLYN BROOKSGwendolyn Brooks Sadie and MaudGwendolyn Brooks the motherGwendolyn Brooks the rites for Cousin VitGwendolyn Brooks The Bean EatersGwendolyn Brooks Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-TowardSuggestions for Writing: Gwendolyn Brooks's PoetryESSAYSCHILD INTO ADULTBrent Staples The Runaway SonRaymond Carver My Father's LifeAnnie Dillard An American ChildhoodSuggestions for Writing: Essays About Childhood and Growing UpDRAMAFAMILY DRAMASophocles Oedipus the King (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)CRITICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS CASEBOOKSOPHOCLES'S OEDIPUS THE KINGHistorical and Cultural ContextsEllen Meese Background for Reading Oedipus the King1. THE ORIGINS OF GREEK THEATER2. THE CIVIC ROLE OF GREEK DRAMA3. TRAGEDY AND THE TRAGIC HERO4. THE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS THE KING5. THE OEDIPUS LEGENDCriticism and Cultural ContextsAristotle Defining TragedySigmund Freud The Destiny of OedipusE. R. Dodds On Misunderstanding OedipusA. E. Haigh The Irony of SophoclesImages: Oedipus in Art and PerformanceAthenian TheaterEtruscan Pottery: Oedipus and the SphinxOedipus and Antigone by Rudolph TegnerProduction photos from Oedipus the KingSuggestions for Writing: Oedipus the King in ContextLorraine Hansberry A Raisin in the SunSuggestions for Writing: A Raisin in the SunFurther Suggestions for Writing: Literature About Families13. LOVEFICTIONDISCOVERING LOVEMargaret Atwood Happy EndingsO. Henry The Gift of the MagiAlice Munro How I Met My HusbandSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Discovering LoveLOVE GONE WRONGWilliam Faulkner A Rose for EmilyZora Neale Hurston SweatFlannery O'Connor Parker's BackMax Apple Vegetable LoveSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Love Gone WrongWRITER IN DEPTH: TROUBLED MARRIAGESA COLLECTION OF STORIES BY KATE CHOPINKate Chopin The Story of an HourKate Chopin The StormKate Chopin Désirée's BabySuggestions for Writing: Chopin's Stories About Troubled MarriagesPOETRYLOVE POEMSAnne Bradstreet To My Dear and Loving HusbandElizabeth Barrett Browning How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways William Butler Yeats When You Are OldE. E. Cummings somewhere I have never travelled,gladly beyondRafael Campo For J. W.Wislawa Szymborska True LoveWendy Cope Lonely HeartsSuggestions for Writing: Love PoemsLOVE, SEX, AND DESIRE Andrew Marvell To His Coy MistressJohn Donne The FleaEdna St. Vincent Millay What lips my lips have kissedSharon Olds Sex Without LoveMarilyn Nelson The Ballad of Aunt GenevaKim Addonizio First Poem for YouSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Love, Sex, and DesirePOET IN DEPTH: LOVE AND LOVE'S ILLUSIONSA COLLECTION OF SONNETS BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEAREWilliam Shakespeare Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?William Shakespeare When in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyesWilliam Shakespeare Let me not to the marriage of true mindsWilliam Shakespeare My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sunWilliam Shakespeare When my love swears that she is made of truthSuggestions for Writing: Shakespeare's SonnetsCRITICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS CASEBOOKT. S. ELIOT'S “THE LOVE SONG OF J. ALFRED PRUFROCK”T. S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockHistorical ContextsPublishing “Prufrock”Early Reviewers of “Prufrock”Criticism and Cultural ContextsDenis Donoghue One of the Irrefutable PoetsChristopher Ricks What's in a Name?Maud Ellmann Will There Be Time?M. L. Rosenthal Adolescents SingingImages: Eliot and His AgePortrait of Eliot by Wyndham LewisPoetry Magazine, June 1915SignaturePhotographs of Eliot at age 19Prufrock Goes GraphicSuggestions for Writing: “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” in ContextESSAYS AND OTHER NON-FICTIONREMEMBERING LOVEPaul 1 Corinthians 13Cynthia Ozick LovesicknessJudith Ortiz Cofer I Fell in Love, or My Hormones AwakenedMike Ives Would Hemingway Cry?H. L. Mencken Remembering Sara: Diary EntrySuggestions for Writing: Non-Fiction About Remembering LoveDRAMALOVE: COMIC AND TRAGICDavid Ives Sure ThingSuggestions for Writing:Ives's Sure ThingWilliam Shakespeare Othello, the Moor of VenicePicturing Othello: production photosCRITICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS CASEBOOK WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S OTHELLOHistorical ContextsThe Theater of ShakespeareSource Material for OthelloCriticism and Cultural ContextsAnthony Burgess An Asian Culture Looks at ShakespeareW. H. Auden Iago as a Triumphant VillainMaud Bodkin Lucifer in Shakespeare's OthelloVirginia Mason Vaughan Black and White in OthelloImages: Othello in PerformanceGlobe Theater A Portfolio of Players: Famous Othellos in PerformanceOthello in translationOthello as BalletOthello as OperaSuggestions for Writing: Othello in ContextFurther Suggestions for Writing: Literature About Love14. LIFE'S JOURNEYFICTIONCHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENCEJames Joyce ArabyZZ Packer BrowniesMichael Chabon The Little KnifeSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Childhood and AdolescenceDANGEROUS ENCOUNTERSNathanial Hawthorne Young Goodman BrownFlannery O'Connor A Good Man Is Hard to FindJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?Suggestions for Writing: Stories About Dangerous EncountersCULTURAL CONTEXTS CASEBOOKJOYCE CAROL OATES'S “WHERE ARE YOU GOING, WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?”Fact Into FictionDon Moser The Pied Piper of Tucson: He Cruised in a Golden Car, Looking for ActionFiction Into FilmJoyce Carol Oates “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” and Smooth Talk: Short Story into FilmBrenda O. Daly An Unfilmable Conclusion: Joyce Carol Oates at the MoviesRebecca Sumner Smoothing Out the Rough Spots: The Film Adaptation of “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?B. Ruby Rich Good Girls, Bad Girls: Joyce Chopra's Smooth TalkImages: “Where Are You Going?” and MediaLife Magazine SpreadScenes from Smooth TalkSuggestions for Writing: ”Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” in ContextBARGAINING WITH DEATHSomerset Maugham An Appointment in SamarraWilhelm and Jakob Grimm Godfather DeathChinua Achebe Dead Men's PathSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Bargaining with DeathDEATH AND TRANSFORMATIONFranz Kafka The MetamorphosisSuggestions for Writing: Kafka's The MetamorphosisPOETRYCHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCEWilliam Blake LondonGwendolyn Brooks We Real CoolCountee Cullen IncidentJudith Ortiz Cofer QuinceañeraDylan Thomas Fern HillSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Childhood and AdolescenceLIFE'S CHALLENGESThomas Hardy The Ruined MaidA. E. Housman When I was one-and-twentyJohn Updike The Ex-Basketball PlayerElizabeth Bishop One ArtNatasha Threthewey White LiesAntonio Machado Caminante / TravelerSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Life's ChallengesFACING DEATHDylan Thomas Do not go gentle into that good nightJohn Keats When I have fears that I may cease to beW. S. Merwin For the Anniversary of My DeathJosé Emilio Pacheco La Ceniza / AshesE. E. Cummings Buffalo Bill 'sSylvia Plath Lady LazarusSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Facing DeathFAITH, DOUBT, AND MORTALITYJohn Donne Death be not proudChristina Rossetti UphillThomas Hardy HapEmily Dickinson Because I could not stop for Death Kevin Young Late BluesGary Soto HeavenSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Faith, Doubt, and MortalityPOET IN DEPTH: LIFE AND ITS CROSSROADSA COLLECTION OF POEMS BY ROBERT FROSTRobert Frost The Road Not TakenRobert Frost Acquainted with the NightRobert Frost Fire and IceRobert Frost Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningRobert Frost Desert PlacesSuggestions for Writing: Robert Frost's PoetryESSAYSTURNING POINTSJames Baldwin Notes of a Native SonGeorge Orwell Shooting an ElephantSacha Z. Scoblic Rock Star, Meet TeetotalerSteve Martin DisneylandElisabeth Kübler-Ross On the Fear of DeathSuggestions for Writing: Essays About Turning PointsDRAMALIFE PASSAGESTennessee Williams A Glass MenagerieTerrence McNally Andre's MotherSuggestions for Writing: Drama About Life PassagesFurther Suggestions for Writing: Literature About Life's Journey15. THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETYFICTIONCONFORMITY, REBELLION, AND DISSENT Shirley Jackson The LotteryKurt Vonnegut Jr. Harrison BergeronUrsula K. Le Guin The Ones Who Walk Away from OmelasHa Jin SaboteurSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Conformity, Rebellion, and DissentINDIVIDUALS IN ISOLATIONErnest Hemingway A Clean Well-Lighted PlaceRalph Ellison Battle RoyalJohn Cheever The SwimmerSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Individuals in IsolationPOETRYLONELINESS AND COMMUNITYWilliam Carlos Williams Danse RusseE. E. Cummings anyone lived in a pretty how townStevie Smith Not Waving but DrowningAllen Ginsberg A Supermarket in CaliforniaAnne Sexton Her KindPablo Neruda Muchos Somos / We Are ManySuggestions for Writing: Poems About Loneliness and CommunityINDIVIDUALISM VERSUS CONFORMITY Walt Whitman I Hear America SingingPaul Laurence Dunbar SympathyRobert Frost Mending WallW. H. Auden The Unknown CitizenMary Oliver Wild GeeseMarilyn Nelson A Strange Beautiful WomanSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Individualism Versus ConformityPOET IN DEPTH: SELECTING YOUR OWN SOCIETYA COLLECTION OF POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSONEmily Dickinson I'm Nobody! Who are you?Emily Dickinson The Soul selects her own SocietyEmily Dickinson This is my letter to the WorldEmily Dickinson Much Madness is divinest SenseEmily Dickinson Some keep the Sabbath going to ChurchSuggestions for Writing: Emily Dickinson's PoetryCRITICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS CASEBOOKTHE POETRY OF EMILY DICKINSON Emily Dickinson ON WritingEmily Dickinson Recognizing Poetry Emily Dickinson Self DescriptionCriticism and Cultural ContextsThomas Wentworth Higginson Meeting Emily DickinsonThomas H. Johnson The Discovery of Emily Dickinson's ManuscriptsRichard Wilbur The Three Privations of Emily DickinsonSandra M. Gilbertand Susan Gubar The Freedom of Emily DickinsonImages: Dickinson and Her WorldDickinson Homestead PhotoDickinson's Room Portrait of Emily DickinsonU.S. Commemorative StampManuscript FacsimileSuggestions for Writing: The Poetry of Emily Dickinson in ContextESSAYSINSPIRING SOCIAL CHANGEMartin Luther King Jr. Letter from Birmingham JailHenry David Thoreau On Civil Disobedience Maxine Hong Kingston No Name WomanSuggestions for Writing: Essays About Inspiring Social ChangeDRAMATHE INDIVIDUAL VERSUS AUTHORITYSophocles AntigonêSuggestions for Writing: Sophocles's AntigonêFurther Suggestions for Writing: Literature About the Individual and Society16. PERSONAL IDENTITYFICTIONBECOMING AN INDIVIDUAL Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Yellow WallpaperDavid Leavitt A Place I've Never BeenSherman Alexie This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, ArizonaSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Becoming an IndividualPERSONAL CHANGEJohn Steinbeck The Chrysanthemums Raymond Carver CathedralJhumpa Lahiri Interpreter of MaladiesYiyun Li A Thousand Years of Good PrayersSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Personal ChangePOETRYMEN AND WOMEN Sylvia Plath Metaphors Anne Stevenson Sous-entendu Carole Satyamurti I Shall Paint My Nails Red Charles Bukowski my old manDenise Levertov The Ache of Marriage Wendy Cope Rondeau Redoublé Donald Justice Men at Forty Marge Piercy Barbie DollSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Men and WomenCULTURAL AND PERSONAL ORIGINSFrancisco X. Alarcon The X in My Name Paul Laurence Dunbar We Wear the Mask Shirley Geok-lin Lim Learning to Love America Edwin Arlington Robinson New EnglandRhina Espaillat BodegaAndrew Hudgins Elegy for My Father, Who Is not Dead Ted Kooser So This Is NebraskaSuggestions for Writing: Poems About Cultural and Personal OriginsPOET IN DEPTH: “I, TOO, SING AMERICA”A COLLECTION OF POEMS BY LANGSTON HUGHESLangston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers Langston Hughes I, Too Langston Hughes Weary Blues Langston Hughes Theme for English B Langston Hughes Dream Boogie Langston Hughes Mother to SonSuggestions for Writing: Langston Hughes's PoetryCRITICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS CASEBOOKTHE POETRY OF LANGSTON HUGHESLangston Hughes on WritingLangston Hughes The Negro Artist and the Racial MountainLangston Hughes On the Harlem RenaissanceCriticism and Cultural ContextsRita Dove and Marilyn Nelson The Voices in Langston Hughes Arnold Rampersad Hughes as an ExperimentalistDarryl Pinckney Black Identity in Langston HughesImages: Hughes and His WorldPortrait of Langston HughesPhotograph of Langston Hughes with FansPhotograph of Lenox Avenue, HarlemPostage Stamp of Langston HughesCover Art of FIRE!!Suggestions for Writing: The Poetry of Langston Hughes in ContextESSAYSDEFINING SELFFrederick Douglass Learning to Read and WriteVirginia Woolf What If Shakespeare Had a Sister?Richard Rodriguez “Blaxicans” and Other Reinvented AmericansSuggestions for Writing: Essays About Defining SelfDRAMA PERSONAL TRANSFORMATIONHenrik Ibsen A Doll's HouseSuggestions for Writing: Ibsen's A Doll's HouseFurther Suggestions for Writing: Literature About Personal Identity17. NATURE AND THE ENVIRONMENTFICTIONHUMANITY VERSUS NATUREJack London To Build a FireStephen Crane Open BoatT. Coraghessan Boyle Greasy LakeSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Humanity Versus NatureLIVING WITH NATUREUrsula K. Le Guin She Unnames ThemLeslie Marmon Silko The Man to Send Rain CloudsTerry Bisson Bears Discover FireSuggestions for Writing: Stories About Living with NatureANIMALS AS ALLEGORY: THREE ANIMAL FABLES Aesop The Grasshopper and the AntBidpai The Camel and His FriendsChuang Tzu IndependenceSuggestions for Writing: Animal FablesPOETRYNATUREWilliam Blake To see a world in a grain of sandWalt Whitman When I Heard the Learn'd AstronomerWilliam Butler Yeats The Lake Isle of InnisfreeH. D. StormRobinson Jeffers Carmel PointElizabeth Bishop The FishDana Gioia California Hills in AugustBenjamin Alire Sáenz To the DesertSuggestions for Writing: Poems About NatureANIMALS: SYMBOLIC AND REAL William Blake The TygerLewis Carroll JabberwockyJohn Keats Ode to a NightingaleThomas Hardy The Darkling ThrushWallace Stevens Thirteen Ways of Looking at a BlackbirdRobinson Jeffers Rock and HawkPhillis Levin Brief BioKay Ryan TurtleSuggestions for Writing: Poems About AnimalsJ