‘A major scholarly contribution that will be required reading not only for those interested in the Carnation Revolution and its aftermath but also for students and scholars concerned with the large question of how popular mobilization, social revolution and democratization relate to one another.’Robert M. Fishman, Carlos III University, Calle Madrid, Anál. Social no.218 Lisboa, 2016‘...challenges some of the dominant interpretations of the role and impact of social movements during the Portuguese Revolution, while simultaneously criticizing the approach of (…) the ‘elitist school’…’Ricardo Noronha, Journal of Contemporary History, 2016‘sheds new light on a controversial topic, offering a balanced and sophisticated view that can be of great value for scholars studying social movements and which should be taken into account in any new analysis of the Portuguese Revolution.’Alan Granadino, Modern History, 2014