Linguistics
Words, Rules and Information
Häftad, Engelska, 2013
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Produktinformation
- Utgivningsdatum2013-01-09
- FormatHäftad
- SpråkEngelska
- Antal sidor296
- Upplaga2
- FörlagKendall/Hunt Publishing Co ,U.S.
- ISBN9781465212252
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- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Linguistics As A Science 1.1.1 What is a science? 1.1.2 Prescriptive grammar versus descriptive grammar 1.1.3 Ungrammatical versus unacceptable 1.2 Subfields Of Linguistics And Different Approaches In Linguistics 1.2.1 Subfields 1.2.2 Different approaches in linguistics 1.3 Noam Chomsky 1.4 What Can Linguists Do? 1.5 The Organization Of The Book 1.6 Further Reading CHAPTER 2 MORPHOLOGY 2.1 What Is A Word? 2.1.1 Defining word 2.1.2 Criterion 1: Fixed order 2.1.3 Criterion 2: Integrity 2.1.4 Criterion 3: Inseparability 2.1.5 Criterion 4: Stress 2.2 Types Of Words 2.2.1 Content words versus function words 2.2.2 Lexeme and word forms 2.3 Morpheme 2.3.1 Stem versus root 2.3.2 Bound versus free morphemes 2.3.3 Inflectional versus derivational affixes 2.4 Identifying Morphemes 2.4.1 Criteria 1: Repeated occurrence 2.4.2 Criteria 2: Allomorphs 2.4.3 Criteria 3: Zero-morpheme 2.5 A Sample Morphological Analysis: Korean 2.6 Lexeme Creation 2.6.1 Derivation 2.6.2 Compounding 2.6.3 Other processes: analogy 2.7 Morpheme-Based Morphology Versus Lexeme-Based Morphology 2.7.1 Morpheme-based morphology (MBM) 2.7.2 Lexeme-based morphology (LBM) 2.8 Summary 2.9 Further Reading CHAPTER 3 ENGLISH GRAMMAR REVIEW 3.1 Clauses 3.2 Subjects And Predicates In Clauses 3.3 Phrases And Phrasal Movement 3.4 The Breakdown Process: Finding Phrases 3.5 Two Important Distinctions: Functions And Categories 3.6 Lexical Categories: An Overview 3.6.1 Nouns 3.6.2 Verbs 3.6.3 Adjectives and Adverbs 3.6.4 Determiners 3.6.5 Prepositions 3.6.6 Coordinators (Conjunctions) 3.6.7 Complementizers 3.7 Nouns And Verbs In Depth 3.7.1 Nouns 3.7.1.1 Proper nouns, common nouns, and pronouns 3.7.1.2 Number and countablity 3.7.2 Verbs 3.7.2.1 Auxiliary verbs 3.7.2.2 Transitivity again 3.7.2.3 Tense 3.8 Summary 3.9 Further Reading CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX I 4.1 Three Case Studies 4.1.1 The subject of an imperative sentence 4.1.2 Syntactic ambiguity 4.1.3 The part of speech of home 4.2 Lexical Categories And Phrases 4.2.1 Phrase defined 4.2.2 Noun phrases and their rules 4.2.2.1 Proper noun 4.2.2.2 Determiner + common noun 4.2.2.3 Determiner + adjective phrase + common noun 4.2.2.4 Determiner + noun + preposition phrase 4.2.2.5 Other noun phrases 4.2.2.6 Optionality 4.2.3 Verb phrases 4.2.3.1 Intransitive verb 4.2.3.2 Transitive verb 4.2.3.3 Verb + (noun phrase) + preposition phrase 4.2.3.4 Adverb phrase within a VP 4.2.4 Preposition phrases 4.2.5 Adverb and adjective phrases 4.2.5.1 Adjective phrase 4.2.5.2 Adverb phrase 4.2.6 Sentence rules 4.2.7 The conjunction rules 4.3 Modification And Disambiguation 4.4 Defining Trees 4.5 Sets Of Rules 4.6 Summary 4.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 5 SYNTAX II: THEORY 5.1 Intermediate Phrases Within A Noun Phrase 5.2 Intermediate Phrases In Other Types Of Phrases 5.2.1 Verb phrase 5.2.2 Preposition phrase 5.2.3 Adjective phrase and adverb phrase 5.3 X' Schemata 5.3.1 Complements versus adjuncts 5.3.2 Complements and adjuncts in X' structures 5.4 Functional Categories 5.4.1 DP 5.4.2 TP 5.4.3 CP 5.5 Deriving Interrogative Sentences 5.6 Spanish Interrogatives 5.7 Wh-Movement 5.8 More On CP 5.9 Summary 5.10 Further Reading CHAPTER 6 ELEMENTARY LOGIC 6.1 The Propositional Calculus 6.1.1 The logical connectives 6.1.1.1 Conjunction 6.1.1.2 Disjunction 6.1.1.3 The conditional 6.1.1.4 The biconditional 6.1.1.5 Negation 6.1.2 The computation of complex propositions 6.1.2.1 Definition 6.1.2.2 Some practice 6.1.2.3 Computation 6.1.3 Logical equivalence (laws) 6.2 The Predicate Calculus 6.2.1 Terms, predicates, constants, variables 6.2.2 Definition 6.2.3 Quantifiers and their scopes 6.2.3.1 Translations of quantifying expressions 6.2.3.2 The scopes of the quantifiers 6.3 Summary 6.4 Further Reading CHAPTER 7 SEMANTICS 7.1 Preliminaries 7.1.1 Sets 7.1.2 Compositionality 7.1.3 Two types of meanings: reference and sense 7.2 Semantic Computation: Intransitive Verbs 7.2.1 A case of a simple sentence 7.2.2 A case of a conjunction 7.2.3 Disjunction 7.2.4 Phrasal conjunction 7.2.5 Phrasal disjunction 7.3 Semantic Computation: Transitive Verbs 7.4 Semantic Computation: Quantifiers 7.4.1 Every 7.4.2 Some 7.4.3 No 7.4.4 Most 7.5 Summary 7.6 Further Reading CHAPTER 8 MEANING AND USE 8.1 Sentences, Utterances, And Propositions 8.2 H. Paul Grice And Contemporary Pragmatics 8.2.1 Conversational implicature 8.2.2 The Cooperative Principle and maxims 8.2.3 Opting out of the maxims 8.2.4 Empirical properties of conversational implicature 8.3 Generalized And Particularized Conversational Implicature 8.4 Conventional Implicature 8.4.1 Empirical properties of conventional implicature 8.5 Dimensions Of Meaning 8.6 Summary 8.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 9 PRESUPPOSITION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Presupposition And Grammatical Forms 9.3 Empirical Properties Of Presupposition 9.3.1 Family of sentences 9.3.2 Presuppositions are taken for granted 9.3.3 Presuppositions are cancelable 9.3.4 Presuppositions are suspendable 9.3.5 Summary of empirical proporties 9.4 The Projection Problem 9.5 Presupposition In St'?ít'imcets 9.6 Presuppositions In Courtroom Testimony 9.7 Conclusion 9.8 Further Reading CHAPTER 10 SPEECH ACT THEORY 10.1 History Of Speech Act Theory 10.2 Performatives And Constatives 10.3 Locutionary, Illocutionary, And Perlocutionary Acts 10.3.1 Direct and indirect speech acts 10.3.2 Felicity conditions 10.3.3 Indirect acts and conversational implicatures 10.3.4 More on indirectness: politeness theory 10.4 Requests and power dynamics 10.4.1 Legal background 10.4.2 Interpreting requests as commands 10.5 The composition of a lie 10.6 Conclusion 10.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 11 PHONETICS 11.1 How Speech Is Made 11.2 The Vocal Tract 11.3 Articulation Of Consonants 11.3.1 Place of articulation 11.3.1.1 Place of articulation: bilabial 11.3.1.2 Place of articulation: labiodental 11.3.1.3 Place of articulation: interdental 11.3.1.4 Place of articulation: alveolar 11.3.1.5 Place of articulation: alveopalatal 11.3.1.6 Place of articulation: velar 11.3.1.7 Place of articulation: glottal 11.3.1.8 Summary of places of articulation 11.3.2 Manner of articulation 11.3.2.1 Manner of articulation: stop 11.3.2.2 Manner of articulation: nasal 11.3.2.3 Manner of articulation: flap 11.3.2.4 Manner of articulation: fricative 11.3.2.5 Manner of articulation: affricate 11.3.2.6 Manner of articulation: approximant 11.3.2.7 Manner of articulation: lateral (lateral approximant) 11.3.2.8 Summary of manners of articulation 11.4 Articulation Of Vowels 11.4.1 Vowels and dipthongs 11.4.2 Vowel height 11.4.2.1 Low vowels 11.4.2.2 Mid vowels 11.4.2.3 High vowels 11.4.3 Vowel backness 11.4.3.1 Front vowels 11.4.3.2 Central vowels 11.4.3.3 Back vowels 11.4.3.4 Describing vowels 11.5 Transcription Of Words11.6 Summary 11.7 Further Reading 11.8 Appendix: IPA Charts CHAPTER 12 PHONOLOGY I 12.1 Phonemes And Allophones 12.1.1 Contrastive and noncontrastive phonemes 12.1.2 Minimal pairs 12.2 Phonological Rules 12.3 Feature Structures 12.3.1 Natural class 12.3.2 An online dating site 12.4 Case Studies 12.4.1 Case study: Sindhi 12.4.2 Case study: Korean 12.4.3 Case study: English 12.4.4 Case study: English Plurals 12.5 Types Of Phonological Changes 12.5.1 Assimilation 12.5.2 Dissimilation 12.5.3 Insertion 12.5.4 Deletion 12.5.5 Metathesis 12.6 Summary 12.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 13 PHONOLOGY II: SYLLABLES 13.1 What Is A Syllable? 13.1.1 Sonority scale 13.1.2 Sonority peak and sonority sequencing 13.1.3 Some apparent counterexamples 13.2 Structures Of Syllables 13.2.1 The onset 13.2.2 The nucleus 13.2.3 The coda 13.3 Answers 13.3.1 The status of /s/ in the onset 13.3.2 The maximum number of phonemes in one syllable 13.3.3 Syllabification 13.3.4 Negative onset conditions 13.4 Summary 13.5 Further Reading CHAPTER 14 ENVOI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Linguistics As A Science 1.1.1 What is a science? 1.1.2 Prescriptive grammar versus descriptive grammar 1.1.3 Ungrammatical versus unacceptable 1.2 Subfields Of Linguistics And Different Approaches In Linguistics 1.2.1 Subfields 1.2.2 Different approaches in linguistics 1.3 Noam Chomsky 1.4 What Can Linguists Do? 1.5 The Organization Of The Book 1.6 Further Reading CHAPTER 2 MORPHOLOGY 2.1 What Is A Word? 2.1.1 Defining word 2.1.2 Criterion 1: Fixed order 2.1.3 Criterion 2: Integrity 2.1.4 Criterion 3: Inseparability 2.1.5 Criterion 4: Stress 2.2 Types Of Words 2.2.1 Content words versus function words 2.2.2 Lexeme and word forms 2.3 Morpheme 2.3.1 Stem versus root 2.3.2 Bound versus free morphemes 2.3.3 Inflectional versus derivational affixes 2.4 Identifying Morphemes 2.4.1 Criteria 1: Repeated occurrence 2.4.2 Criteria 2: Allomorphs 2.4.3 Criteria 3: Zero-morpheme 2.5 A Sample Morphological Analysis: Korean 2.6 Lexeme Creation 2.6.1 Derivation 2.6.2 Compounding 2.6.3 Other processes: analogy 2.7 Morpheme-Based Morphology Versus Lexeme-Based Morphology 2.7.1 Morpheme-based morphology (MBM) 2.7.2 Lexeme-based morphology (LBM) 2.8 Summary 2.9 Further Reading CHAPTER 3 ENGLISH GRAMMAR REVIEW 3.1 Clauses 3.2 Subjects And Predicates In Clauses 3.3 Phrases And Phrasal Movement 3.4 The Breakdown Process: Finding Phrases 3.5 Two Important Distinctions: Functions And Categories 3.6 Lexical Categories: An Overview 3.6.1 Nouns 3.6.2 Verbs 3.6.3 Adjectives and Adverbs 3.6.4 Determiners 3.6.5 Prepositions 3.6.6 Coordinators (Conjunctions) 3.6.7 Complementizers 3.7 Nouns And Verbs In Depth 3.7.1 Nouns 3.7.1.1 Proper nouns, common nouns, and pronouns 3.7.1.2 Number and countablity 3.7.2 Verbs 3.7.2.1 Auxiliary verbs 3.7.2.2 Transitivity again 3.7.2.3 Tense 3.8 Summary 3.9 Further Reading CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX I 4.1 Three Case Studies 4.1.1 The subject of an imperative sentence 4.1.2 Syntactic ambiguity 4.1.3 The part of speech of home 4.2 Lexical Categories And Phrases 4.2.1 Phrase defined 4.2.2 Noun phrases and their rules 4.2.2.1 Proper noun 4.2.2.2 Determiner + common noun 4.2.2.3 Determiner + adjective phrase + common noun 4.2.2.4 Determiner + noun + preposition phrase 4.2.2.5 Other noun phrases 4.2.2.6 Optionality 4.2.3 Verb phrases 4.2.3.1 Intransitive verb 4.2.3.2 Transitive verb 4.2.3.3 Verb + (noun phrase) + preposition phrase 4.2.3.4 Adverb phrase within a VP 4.2.4 Preposition phrases 4.2.5 Adverb and adjective phrases 4.2.5.1 Adjective phrase 4.2.5.2 Adverb phrase 4.2.6 Sentence rules 4.2.7 The conjunction rules 4.3 Modification And Disambiguation 4.4 Defining Trees 4.5 Sets Of Rules 4.6 Summary 4.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 5 SYNTAX II: THEORY 5.1 Intermediate Phrases Within A Noun Phrase 5.2 Intermediate Phrases In Other Types Of Phrases 5.2.1 Verb phrase 5.2.2 Preposition phrase 5.2.3 Adjective phrase and adverb phrase 5.3 X' Schemata 5.3.1 Complements versus adjuncts 5.3.2 Complements and adjuncts in X' structures 5.4 Functional Categories 5.4.1 DP 5.4.2 TP 5.4.3 CP 5.5 Deriving Interrogative Sentences 5.6 Spanish Interrogatives 5.7 Wh-Movement 5.8 More On CP 5.9 Summary 5.10 Further Reading CHAPTER 6 ELEMENTARY LOGIC 6.1 The Propositional Calculus 6.1.1 The logical connectives 6.1.1.1 Conjunction 6.1.1.2 Disjunction 6.1.1.3 The conditional 6.1.1.4 The biconditional 6.1.1.5 Negation 6.1.2 The computation of complex propositions 6.1.2.1 Definition 6.1.2.2 Some practice 6.1.2.3 Computation 6.1.3 Logical equivalence (laws) 6.2 The Predicate Calculus 6.2.1 Terms, predicates, constants, variables 6.2.2 Definition 6.2.3 Quantifiers and their scopes 6.2.3.1 Translations of quantifying expressions 6.2.3.2 The scopes of the quantifiers 6.3 Summary 6.4 Further Reading CHAPTER 7 SEMANTICS 7.1 Preliminaries 7.1.1 Sets 7.1.2 Compositionality 7.1.3 Two types of meanings: reference and sense 7.2 Semantic Computation: Intransitive Verbs 7.2.1 A case of a simple sentence 7.2.2 A case of a conjunction 7.2.3 Disjunction 7.2.4 Phrasal conjunction 7.2.5 Phrasal disjunction 7.3 Semantic Computation: Transitive Verbs 7.4 Semantic Computation: Quantifiers 7.4.1 Every 7.4.2 Some 7.4.3 No 7.4.4 Most 7.5 Summary 7.6 Further Reading CHAPTER 8 MEANING AND USE 8.1 Sentences, Utterances, And Propositions 8.2 H. Paul Grice And Contemporary Pragmatics 8.2.1 Conversational implicature 8.2.2 The Cooperative Principle and maxims 8.2.3 Opting out of the maxims 8.2.4 Empirical properties of conversational implicature 8.3 Generalized And Particularized Conversational Implicature 8.4 Conventional Implicature 8.4.1 Empirical properties of conventional implicature 8.5 Dimensions Of Meaning 8.6 Summary 8.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 9 PRESUPPOSITION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Presupposition And Grammatical Forms 9.3 Empirical Properties Of Presupposition 9.3.1 Family of sentences 9.3.2 Presuppositions are taken for granted 9.3.3 Presuppositions are cancelable 9.3.4 Presuppositions are suspendable 9.3.5 Summary of empirical proporties 9.4 The Projection Problem 9.5 Presupposition In St'?ít'imcets 9.6 Presuppositions In Courtroom Testimony 9.7 Conclusion 9.8 Further Reading CHAPTER 10 SPEECH ACT THEORY 10.1 History Of Speech Act Theory 10.2 Performatives And Constatives 10.3 Locutionary, Illocutionary, And Perlocutionary Acts 10.3.1 Direct and indirect speech acts 10.3.2 Felicity conditions 10.3.3 Indirect acts and conversational implicatures 10.3.4 More on indirectness: politeness theory 10.4 Requests and power dynamics 10.4.1 Legal background 10.4.2 Interpreting requests as commands 10.5 The composition of a lie 10.6 Conclusion 10.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 11 PHONETICS 11.1 How Speech Is Made 11.2 The Vocal Tract 11.3 Articulation Of Consonants 11.3.1 Place of articulation 11.3.1.1 Place of articulation: bilabial 11.3.1.2 Place of articulation: labiodental 11.3.1.3 Place of articulation: interdental 11.3.1.4 Place of articulation: alveolar 11.3.1.5 Place of articulation: alveopalatal 11.3.1.6 Place of articulation: velar 11.3.1.7 Place of articulation: glottal 11.3.1.8 Summary of places of articulation 11.3.2 Manner of articulation 11.3.2.1 Manner of articulation: stop 11.3.2.2 Manner of articulation: nasal 11.3.2.3 Manner of articulation: flap 11.3.2.4 Manner of articulation: fricative 11.3.2.5 Manner of articulation: affricate 11.3.2.6 Manner of articulation: approximant 11.3.2.7 Manner of articulation: lateral (lateral approximant) 11.3.2.8 Summary of manners of articulation 11.4 Articulation Of Vowels 11.4.1 Vowels and dipthongs 11.4.2 Vowel height 11.4.2.1 Low vowels 11.4.2.2 Mid vowels 11.4.2.3 High vowels 11.4.3 Vowel backness 11.4.3.1 Front vowels 11.4.3.2 Central vowels 11.4.3.3 Back vowels 11.4.3.4 Describing vowels 11.5 Transcription Of Words11.6 Summary 11.7 Further Reading 11.8 Appendix: IPA Charts CHAPTER 12 PHONOLOGY I 12.1 Phonemes And Allophones 12.1.1 Contrastive and noncontrastive phonemes 12.1.2 Minimal pairs 12.2 Phonological Rules 12.3 Feature Structures 12.3.1 Natural class 12.3.2 An online dating site 12.4 Case Studies 12.4.1 Case study: Sindhi 12.4.2 Case study: Korean 12.4.3 Case study: English 12.4.4 Case study: English Plurals 12.5 Types Of Phonological Changes 12.5.1 Assimilation 12.5.2 Dissimilation 12.5.3 Insertion 12.5.4 Deletion 12.5.5 Metathesis 12.6 Summary 12.7 Further Reading CHAPTER 13 PHONOLOGY II: SYLLABLES 13.1 What Is A Syllable? 13.1.1 Sonority scale 13.1.2 Sonority peak and sonority sequencing 13.1.3 Some apparent counterexamples 13.2 Structures Of Syllables 13.2.1 The onset 13.2.2 The nucleus 13.2.3 The coda 13.3 Answers 13.3.1 The status of /s/ in the onset 13.3.2 The maximum number of phonemes in one syllable 13.3.3 Syllabification 13.3.4 Negative onset conditions 13.4 Summary 13.5 Further Reading CHAPTER 14 ENVOI