Lignocellulosic Fibers and Wood Handbook

Antonio Pizzi the director of the Physical Chemistry and Polymer team and the University of Lorraine in France. He is a recognized specialist of wood adhesives, wood preservation, polymer chemistry and formulation of polycondensation resins, composites, panel products and timber chemistry. He has more than 500 publications in international refereed journal of good standing, 25 international patents and authored and edited 7 books on different aspects of wood adhesives. He is the holder of more than 20 international science prizes, among others the Rene Descartes finalist prize the highest science prize of the European Commission, both in 2000 and in 2005, still the only person to gain it twice, and more recently the prize of the Fraunhofer Geselleschaft "2012 German High Tech Champion-Green Building", and the Schweighofer Wood Innovation Prize under the patronage of the President of the Austrian Federal Republic.Professor Belgacem currently directs a research laboratory at the Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble to develop ecological materials and processes in the field of papermaking, converting and printing sciences. He has published widely in several areas, namely: polymerisation of second-generation "green" monomers arising from vegetal biomass (furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural), valorisation of lignins and other residues (cork), vegetable oils-based UV-curing coatings, and surface treatment of cellulose fibres.Professor Belgacem has supervised about 25 PhD Theses, published about 200 works, including 1 book and ~20 book chapters. His publications were cited more than 3000 times. He gave about 200 communications at scientific symposia, including, ca. 25 invited lectures. He was invited in Universities and Research Centres in about 10 countries. Professor Belgacem is a fellow of the International Academy of Wood Science (elected in 2007).

• Preface xxiPart 1: Wood and Fibres: Raw Materials1 Introduction and State-of-the-Art 3Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Antonio Pizzi2 Wood and Wood Fiber Characteristics: Moisture, Biological, Thermal and Weathering 7Roger M. Rowel2.1 Introduction 72.2 Moisture 82.3 Biological 202.4 Thermal 302.5 Fire Retardants 362.6 Weathering 41References 453 Chemical Composition and Properties of Wood 49Tatjana Stevanovic3.1 Introduction 493.2 Cellulose 503.3 Hemicelluloses of Wood 683.4 Lignin(s) 803.5 Wood Extractives 96References 1034 Recycled Fibers 107Nathalie Marlin and Bruno Carre4.1 The Context and the Key Data 1074.2 Recovered Paper and Board Grades 1104.3 Unit Operations for Paper Recycling Processes 1134.4 Recycling and Deinking Lines 1194.5 Deinked Pulp Quality and Controls 1224.6 The Limits of Paper Recycling 129Acknowledgement 129References 1305 Recovered Papers Deinking by Froth Flotation 133Davide Beneventi, Jeremy Allix, Patrice Nortier and Elisa Zeno5.1 Introduction 1335.2 Mass Transfer Mechanisms 1355.3 Control of Process Performance by Chemical Additives 1435.4 Flotation Deinking Process Modeling 149References 1526 High-Yield Pulps: An Interesting Concept for Producing Lignocellulosic Fibers 157Michel Petit-Conil, Michael Lecourt and Valrie Meyer6.1 Introduction 1576.2 History of Mechanical Pulping 1586.3 Principles of Mechanical Pulping Processes and Quality of Pulps 1616.4 Quality of Mechanical Pulping Processes 1716.5 Industrial Production of Mechanical Pulps 1766.6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulps 1816.7 New Technologies under Development 1856.8 Conclusion 201References 2017 Kraft Pulping 207Dominique Lachenal7.1 Introduction 2077.2 Chemical Reagents 2087.3 Mechanism of Delignification 2097.4 Degradation of Carbohydrates during Kraft Pulping 2137.5 Composition of Kraft Pulps 2167.6 Improvement of the Kraft Process 2177.7 Recovery of Cooking Reagents 2207.8 Conclusion 222References 2228 Sulphite Pulping 225Dmitry V. Evtuguin8.1 Introduction 2258.2 Brief History of Pulping Processes 2278.3 Sulphite Pulping Chemicals 2288.4 General Aspects of Sulphite Pulping 2308.5 Reactions of Sulphite Pulping 234References 243Part 2: Wood and Fibres: Composites and Panels9 Synthetic Adhesives for Wood Fibers and Composites: Chemistry and Technology 247A. Pizzi9.1 Introduction 2479.2 Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) Adhesives 2489.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) and Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde (MUF) Adhesives 2529.4 Phenolic Resins 2559.5 Resorcinol Adhesives 2599.6 Thermosetting Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 2629.7 Isocyanate and Polyurethane Wood Adhesives 2639.8 Chemistry of Isocyanate Wood Adhesives 2639.9 Technology of Isocyanate Adhesives 2649.10 Conditions of Application of Isocyanate Adhesives for Wood 2699.11 Emulsion Polymer Isocyanates (EPI) 2709.12 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc), EVAs and Acrylics 2719.13 Hot Melts 272References 27310 Natural Adhesives, Binders and Matrices for Wood and Fiber Composites: Chemistry and Technology 277A. Pizzi10.1 Introduction 27710.2 Tannin Adhesives 27810.3 Lignin Adhesives 28210.4 Mixed Tannin-Lignin Adhesives and Resins 28510.5 Protein Adhesives 28610.6 Carbohydrate Adhesives 28710.7 Unsaturated Oil Adhesives 28710.8 Wood Welding without Adhesives 28910.9 Alternative Systems to Weld Wood 299References 30111 Chemically-Based Modern Wood Composites 305Gerd Wegener and Elisabeth Windeisen11.1 Introduction 30511.2 Conventional Concepts and Products 30511.3 New Concepts and Products 30611.4 Outlook 310References 31012 Chemical Modification of Solid Wood 313Philippe Gerardin12.1 Introduction 31312.2 Chemical Modifications Involving the Use of Chemicals 31412.3 Chemical Modifications Using Heat Treatments 31712.4 Conclusions 320References 32113 Modification of Natural Fibers Using Physical Technologies and Their Applications for Composites 323Stephane Molina13.1 Introduction 32313.2 Wave and Radiation Technologies for Cellulosic Fiber Surface Modification 32513.3 Physicochemical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers 33413.4 Mechanical and Thermomechanical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers 33513.5 Conclusions 340References 34014 Wood and Fiber-Based Composites: Surface Properties and Adhesion 345Douglas Gardner, Gloria Oporto, and William Tze14.1 Introduction: Practical Significance of Surface Properties and Adhesion 34514.2 Adhesion Theories and Mechanisms 34614.3 Interfacial Phenomena in Wood and Fiber Adhesion 34714.4 Adhesion Interactions as a Function of Length Scale 34914.5 Wood Bonding Considerations 35014.6 Wood and Fiber Surface Properties 35214.7 Wood Surface Modification 35414.8 Analytical Techniques to Measure Wood and Fiber Surface Properties 359References 37815 Wood and Fiber Panels Technology 385A.Pizzi15.1 Introduction 38515.2 Wood as a Substrate 38515.3 Wood Plasticization 38615.4 Types of Wood Panels 38715.5 Influence of the Adhesive in Wood Panel Bonding 38815.6 Influence of Wood in Wood Panel Production 38915.7 Production Condition Parameters in Wood Panel Gluing 39115.8 Correlation between Pressing Parameters and Physical Properties 398References 402Part 3: Wood and Fibres: Paper16 Rheology: From Simple Fluids to Complex Suspensions 407Raj P. Chhabra16.1 Introduction 40716.2 Classification of Fluid Behavior 40916.3 Time-independent Fluid Behavior 41216.4 Time-dependent Behavior 41916.5 Viscoelastic Behavior 42116.6 Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Motion 42316.7 Elongational Flow 42416.8 Rheology of Suspensions 42716.9 Origins of Non-Newtonian Behavior 43216.10 Implications in Engineering Applications 43516.11 Concluding Summary 436Acknowledgement 436Nomenclature 436References 43717 Papermaking and Wet-End Chemistry 439Eder Siqueira, Evelyne Mauret, Raphael Passas and Mohamed Naceur Belgacem17.1 Introduction 43917.2 Wet-end Chemicals, Fillers and Pigments: General Considerations 44017.3 Functional Additives 44417.4 Processing Aids 455References 46018 Paper Winding 463David R. Roisutn18.1 Introduction 46318.2 Winder Types Found in a Paper Mill 46418.3 Winder Classes and Types 46418.4 Effect of Winder Classes and Types on Wound Roll Tightness 46618.5 Roll Structure Theory and Control Curves 46618.6 Tightness and Roll Quality Measurement 46718.7 Winding Theory Stresses inside the Roll 46918.8 Winding Defects 47018.9 The Reel 47118.10 Two-Drum Winders 47218.11 Duplex Winders 47318.12 Other Operations near the Rewinder 47418.13 Automation and Productivity 47418.14 Profile and Moisture 47718.15 Paper Mills'Customers 47818.16 Learning More about Winding 479Abbreviations used in this section 479References 47919 Surface Treatments of Paper 481Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Julien Bras19.1 Surface Sizing of Paper 48119.2 Paper Coating 48119.3 Specialty Papers by Coating 48619.4 Coating Machines 489References 49120 Calendering of Papers and Boards: Processes and Basic Mechanisms 493Didier Chaussy and David Guerin20.1 Introduction 49320.2 Calendering Processes 49420.3 Applying Pressure in a Nip 50520.4 Heat Transfer in the Nip 51120.4.1 Heat Transfer Balance 51120.5 Effect of Calendering on Paper Structure and Surface Properties 51820.6 Conclusions and Trends in Calendering 525References 52621 Color and Color Reversion of Cellulosic and Lignocellulosic Fibers 531Alain Castellan and Stephane Grelier21.1 Introduction 53121.2 Lignin-Free Cellulosic Fibers (Chemical Pulps) 53221.3 Lignin-rich Cellulosic Fibers (High-yield Pulps) 53921.4 Conclusion 549References 549Part 4 Wood and Fibres: Properties22 Fire Behavior of Timber and Lignocellulose 555Pedro Reszka and Jose L. Torero22.1 Introduction 55522.2 Wood in Structures 55722.3 Basic Definition of Fire Growth 56022.4 Degradation 56122.5 Experimental Studies on Wood Behavior in Fire 56722.6 Modeling Wood Behavior in Fire 57022.7 Flammability Assessment Methods 57122.8 The Role of Fire Retardants22.9 Summary 577References 57823 Testing and Evaluation of Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products 583Robert H. White23.1 Introduction 58323.2 Conditioning of Specimens 58423.4 Regulatory Test Methods 58723.5 Product Specific Regulatory Test Methods 58823.6 Other Fire Test Methods 58923.7 Tests for Smoke Obscuration 58923.8 Other Properties of Fire-retardant-treated Wood 58923.9 Specifications for Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products 59023.10 Tests for Commonly Used Fire-retardant Chemicals 59023.11 Concluding Remarks 591References 59124 Modern Timber Houses 595Andreas Miiller, Hans-Peter Kolb and Maurice Brunner24.1 Introduction 59524.2 Tradition and Development of the Swiss Timber House 59524.3 Timber House Systems 59724.4 Heat Insulation and Protection against Moisture 60024.5 Sound Protection 60224.6 Fire Protection 60424.7 Multistory Timber Buildings 60624.8 Conclusions 609References 61025 Paper Characterization and Testing 611Jean-Francis Block25.1 Introduction and General Considerations 61125.2 Composition and Structure 61225.3 Mechanical Properties 61625.4 Optical Properties 622Suggested Literature 627References 62726 Dimensional Stabilization of Wood and Wood Composites 629Michael Boonstra26.1 Introduction 62926.2 Thermal Modification 63326.3 Chemical Modification 64026.4 Wood Polymer Composites (WPC) 64826.5 Other Applications 651References 652Index 657