Basilius Bawardi is Senior Lecturer at Bar Ilan University and Oranim College, Israel. He holds a PhD in Arabic Literature and Language from the University of Haifa. He has published in the journals Middle Eastern Literature and Al-Karmil and in the books Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration; The Lebanese Anthology of Muris 'Awwad and Monotheism & Ethics: Historical and Contemporary Intersections Among Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

• Content Note on Transliteration viiiAcknowledgements ixIntroduction 11. Historical Background: The Birth of the Phoenician-Lebanese National Thought 2. Phoenician-Lebanese Literature: Founding Generation 3. The Second Generation: Mayy Murr and Mu¯ r?¯s ?Awwa4. Summary – or is it the End of the Phoenician Movement? AppendixI 136Appendix II 141Appendix III 143Appendix IV 147Notes 153Bibliography 176Index

'Bawardi presents an innovative combination of thorough textual research and theoretical arguments. The volume highlights the complex links between ideologies and language that have contributed to forming the Phoenician-Lebanese identity.' - Fruma Zachs, Professor and Head of Middle Eastern History, The Department of Middle Eastern History, University of Haifa, 'In his book, Basilius Bawardi presents three Lebanese poets: Sa'id 'Aql (1912-2014), May(y) Murr (1929-2008), and Maurice 'Awwad (born in 1934). Their literary work reflects two contemporary anti-Arab, and anti-Sunni, partly overlapping movements in Lebanon: Phoenicianism, proclaiming the Phoenician origins of the Lebanese people, and linguistic nationalism, which aims to introduce Lebanese Arabic as the official national language in the country, and to replace Arabic script by the new Latin alphabet created by Sa'id 'Aql. Although these ideological trends have been studied in recent years by several scholars, Bawardi takes an original methodological perspective, based firstly on literary criticism and studies on the history of ideas. As he has previously translated into Hebrew sections of M. 'Awwad's work, he is also sensitive to its linguistic form.' - Arkadiusz Plonka, Assistant Professor, Institute of Oriental Studies, Jagiellonian University

Basilius Bawardi is Senior Lecturer at Bar Ilan University and Oranim College, Israel. He holds a PhD in Arabic Literature and Language from the University of Haifa. He has published in the journals Middle Eastern Literature and Al-Karmil and in the books Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration; The Lebanese Anthology of Muris 'Awwad and Monotheism & Ethics: Historical and Contemporary Intersections Among Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

• Content Note on Transliteration viiiAcknowledgements ixIntroduction 11. Historical Background: The Birth of the Phoenician-Lebanese National Thought 2. Phoenician-Lebanese Literature: Founding Generation 3. The Second Generation: Mayy Murr and Mu¯ r?¯s ?Awwa4. Summary – or is it the End of the Phoenician Movement? AppendixI 136Appendix II 141Appendix III 143Appendix IV 147Notes 153Bibliography 176Index

'Bawardi presents an innovative combination of thorough textual research and theoretical arguments. The volume highlights the complex links between ideologies and language that have contributed to forming the Phoenician-Lebanese identity.' - Fruma Zachs, Professor and Head of Middle Eastern History, The Department of Middle Eastern History, University of Haifa, 'In his book, Basilius Bawardi presents three Lebanese poets: Sa'id 'Aql (1912-2014), May(y) Murr (1929-2008), and Maurice 'Awwad (born in 1934). Their literary work reflects two contemporary anti-Arab, and anti-Sunni, partly overlapping movements in Lebanon: Phoenicianism, proclaiming the Phoenician origins of the Lebanese people, and linguistic nationalism, which aims to introduce Lebanese Arabic as the official national language in the country, and to replace Arabic script by the new Latin alphabet created by Sa'id 'Aql. Although these ideological trends have been studied in recent years by several scholars, Bawardi takes an original methodological perspective, based firstly on literary criticism and studies on the history of ideas. As he has previously translated into Hebrew sections of M. 'Awwad's work, he is also sensitive to its linguistic form.' - Arkadiusz Plonka, Assistant Professor, Institute of Oriental Studies, Jagiellonian University

Basilius Bawardi is Senior Lecturer at Bar Ilan University and Oranim College, Israel. He holds a PhD in Arabic Literature and Language from the University of Haifa. He has published in the journals Middle Eastern Literature and Al-Karmil and in the books Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration; The Lebanese Anthology of Muris 'Awwad and Monotheism & Ethics: Historical and Contemporary Intersections Among Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

• Content Note on Transliteration viiiAcknowledgements ixIntroduction 11. Historical Background: The Birth of the Phoenician-Lebanese National Thought 2. Phoenician-Lebanese Literature: Founding Generation 3. The Second Generation: Mayy Murr and Mu¯ r?¯s ?Awwa4. Summary – or is it the End of the Phoenician Movement? AppendixI 136Appendix II 141Appendix III 143Appendix IV 147Notes 153Bibliography 176Index

'Bawardi presents an innovative combination of thorough textual research and theoretical arguments. The volume highlights the complex links between ideologies and language that have contributed to forming the Phoenician-Lebanese identity.' - Fruma Zachs, Professor and Head of Middle Eastern History, The Department of Middle Eastern History, University of Haifa, 'In his book, Basilius Bawardi presents three Lebanese poets: Sa'id 'Aql (1912-2014), May(y) Murr (1929-2008), and Maurice 'Awwad (born in 1934). Their literary work reflects two contemporary anti-Arab, and anti-Sunni, partly overlapping movements in Lebanon: Phoenicianism, proclaiming the Phoenician origins of the Lebanese people, and linguistic nationalism, which aims to introduce Lebanese Arabic as the official national language in the country, and to replace Arabic script by the new Latin alphabet created by Sa'id 'Aql. Although these ideological trends have been studied in recent years by several scholars, Bawardi takes an original methodological perspective, based firstly on literary criticism and studies on the history of ideas. As he has previously translated into Hebrew sections of M. 'Awwad's work, he is also sensitive to its linguistic form.' - Arkadiusz Plonka, Assistant Professor, Institute of Oriental Studies, Jagiellonian University