Learning

Jerome Frieman earned his PhD from Kent State University in Ohio. He has been at Kansas State University since 1968. Over the course of his career, he engaged in research on operant conditioning in pigeons, rats, and dwarf hamsters; Pavlovian conditioning in rats; social learning in dwarf hamsters; and extraordinary memory in a human participant. He is the author of Learning and Adaptive Behavior and co-author of Memory Search by a Memorist. Steve Reilly obtained his D.Phil. from the University of York, England, for research concerning the neural basis of learning and memory. He has held positions in England, Canada and the United States, and is now in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His research focuses on the neural mechanisms and functional neuroanatomy of conditioned taste aversion learning and incentive learning. Dr. Reilly is the editor of two books (Conditioned Taste Aversion: Behavioral and Neural Processes and Associative Learning and Conditioning Theory: Human and Non-Human Applications) and is currently on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience.

• Chapter 1: Where Learning Fits Into the Big PictureWhat Is Knowledge?How Can We Study Something We Cannot See?Defining Various Kinds of Learning by Procedures and PhenomenaThe Evolution of LearningLearning Is an Adaptive SpecializationLearning Is Part of an Integrated System of Psychological ProcessesPart I: Learning to Predict Important EventsChapter 2: The Procedure and Phenomena We Call Pavlovian ConditioningProcedures, Phenomena, and ProcessesWhy We Call It Pavlovian ConditioningConditioned Emotional ResponsesConditioned Drug ReactionsConditioned Food AversionsSign-Tracking (Autoshaping)Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning Is an Inference TaskThe Elements of Causal InferenceThe Effects of CS-US Consistency in Pavlovian ConditioningThe Effects of Temporal and Spatial Contiguity on Pavlovian ConditioningThe Effects of Temporal Precedence on Pavlovian ConditioningChapter 4: Identifying the Predictors of Significant EventsThe Salience of StimuliSalience and Prior Experience With Potential Conditioned StimuliRelative Validity in Pavlovian ConditioningSurprise and Pavlovian ConditioningA Mathematical Model of Pavlovian Conditioning Based on Both Salience and SurpriseOvershadowing, Relative Validty, and Blocking: Learning About the Other StimulusChapter 5: The Representations of Knowledge in Pavlovian ConditioningCS-US Associations: The Representation of Relationships in Pavlovian ConditioningTransitive Inference and the Linking of Associations in Second-Order ConditioningConditioned Inhibition: Learning to Predict the Absence of the Unconditioned StimulusThe Role of the Environmental Context in Pavlovian ConditioningRepresenting the Temporal Relationships Between EventsExtinction RevisitedChapter 6: From Knowledge to Behavior: The Forms and Functions of Conditioned ResponsesConditioned Responses: Deciding What to MeasureThe Relationship Between Conditioned and Unconditioned ResponsesBehavior Systems and Pavlovian ConditioningThe Functions of Pavlovian Conditioned ResponsesPavlovian Conditioning as an Adaptive SpecializationPart II: Learning About the Consequences of One’s BehaviorChapter 7: The Procedures and Phenomena We Call Operant ConditioningProcedures, Phenomena, and ProcessesB. F. Skinner and Operant ConditioningThe Various Events That Can Serve as ReinforcersThe Various Events That Can Serve as ReinforcersThe Four Varieties of Operant ConditioningBehavior ModificationThe Differences Between Pavlovian Conditioning and Operant ConditioningChapter 8: How Individuals Adjust Their Behavior to Meet the Demands of the SituationOperant Conditioning From Two Different PerspectivesThe Functions of Reinforcers in Operant ConditioningAdaptive Behavior by Hill-ClimbingIdentifying the Operant in Operant ConditioningChapter 9: Adjusting to Schedules of Partial ReinforcementClassifying Schedules of ReinforcementRatio SchedulesInterval SchedulesExplaining the Differences in Performance on Ratio and Interval Schedules of ReinforcementThe Effects of Prior Experience on How Individuals Adjust to Schedules of ReinforcementBehavioral PersistenceChapter 10: Life Is About Making ChoicesChoice and the Empirical Matching LawThe Generalized Theoretical Matching LawWhy Matching OccursThe Significance of the Matching LawsChapter 11: Inference and the Representations of Knowledge in Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Is Also an Inference TaskThe Representations of Knowledge in Operant ConditioningThe Role of the Stimulus in Operant ConditioningOperant Behavior as Procedural KnowledgeExtinction RevisitedChapter 12: The Similarities Between Operant Conditioning and Natural SelectionSources of Behavioral VariationThe Mechanism of Selection in Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning as an Adaptive SpecializationPart III: The Social Transmission of KnowledgeChapter 13: Social LearningLearning Food Preferences From OthersLearning What to Fear Through Observational ConditioningLearning What to Do by Observing OthersTransmission of Information About What to Do Through Directed InstructionThe Effects of Verbal Instructions on Human Behavior