Ionic Compounds

CLAUDE H. YODER is a chemistry professor at Franklin & Marshall College. He is the recipient of numerous national awards and research grants and is the author of over 100 publications.

• Preface vii1. Bonding and Composition 11.1 Types of Bonding 31.2 Ionic Compounds 51.2.1 Types of Ions 51.2.2 Names of Ions 81.3 Percent Composition and Empirical Formula 111.3.1 The Mole 13Molar Mass (Formula Weight) 151.3.2 Calculation of Empirical Formula from Percent Composition 151.3.3 Use of Oxide Data 171.3.4 Formulas for Solid Solutions 181.4 Covalent Character in Ionic Compounds 191.5 Interactions Between Ions 221.5.1 Some Laws of Electrostatics 22Potential Energy of Charged Particles 231.5.2 Lattice Energy and Its Effect on Properties 272. The Structure of Ionic Compounds: Closest Packing 292.1 Closest Packing of Ions 302.1.1 The Holes Between the Layers 312.1.2 Stacking Sequences 332.1.3 Closest Packing for Ionic Compounds 362.1.4 Relationship of Formula to Occupation of Voids 393. The Symmetry of Crystals 413.1 Symmetry Elements 413.2 Hermann-Mauguin Notation (Point Groups) 493.3 Crystal Systems 533.3.1 Crystallographic Axes 544. The Structure of Some Simple Closest-packed Compounds 594.1 Symmetry of the AB and ABC Closest-packed Arrangements 594.2 The Unit Cell 604.3 The NaCl Structure 654.4 The Sphalerite Structure 684.5 Axial Relationships 724.6 Wurtzite, a Polymorph of Sphalerite 744.7 The Fluorite Structure 764.8 The Rutile Structure, Polyhedral Coordination Models 805. Factors that Affect the Symmetry of the Unit Cell 875.1 Effect of Cation 875.1.1 The Chalcopyrite Structure and Solid Solution 885.2 Effect of the Anion 905.2.1 Some Oxy Anions 905.2.2 The Pyrite Structure 925.2.3 The Calcite Structure 955.2.4 Aragonite, A Polymorph of Calcite 975.2.5 Several Sulfates, Anhydrite and Barite 1005.2.6 Several Silicates, Zircon, and Beryl 106The Silicates 1085.3 Effect of Temperature and Pressure 1136. Physical Properties: Morphology 1156.1 Crystal Morphology 1156.2 Miller Indices 1156.3 Forms 1186.3.1 Habit 1276.4 Deviations in Crystal Growth 1296.4.1 Parallel Growth 1296.4.2 Twinning 1296.4.3 Epitaxis and Pseudomorphism 1317. Physical Properties: Color 1357.1 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 1357.2 The Nature of Electrons 1367.3 Electron Configurations 1427.4 The Crystal Field Model 1437.5 Colored Cations 1477.6 Ion Impurities 1487.7 Crystal Defects 1488. Chemical Properties 1498.1 Solubility 1498.1.1 Energetics of Dissolution 1518.1.2 Solubility Rules 1558.1.3 Double Salts 1568.2 Reaction with Acids 1578.2.1 Types of Chemical Reactions 1578.2.2 Water as Both Acid and Base 1598.2.3 Strong and Weak Acids 1608.2.4 Conjugate Bases 1608.3 Use of Chemical Reactions for Identification 162Appendices 1651. The Periodic Chart 1652. The Elements: Symbols, Melting Points, Boiling Points, Densities, and Electronegativities 1693. Metallic, Covalent, and Ionic Radii 1714. Quartz 1735. Crystal System Identification Practice 1776. Crystal Systems and Classes 1797. Additional Reading and Resources 181Index 183

"…a useful reference for both introductory mineralogy and chemistry students…its greatest application might be for serious mineral collectors." (CHOICE, April 2007)