Introduction to the Human Body, EMEA Edition

Gerard J. Tortora is Professor of Biology and former Biology Coordinator at Bergen Community College in Paramus, New Jersey, where he teaches human anatomy and physiology as well as microbiology. He received his bachelor’s degree in biology from Fairleigh Dickinson University and his master's degree in science education from Montclair State College. He is a member of many professional organizations, including the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), the American Society of Microbiology (ASM), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), National Education Association (NEA), and the Metropolitan Association of College and University Biologists (MACUB).Bryan H. Derrickson is Professor of Biology at Valencia Community College in Orlando, Florida, where he teaches human anatomy and physiology as well as general biology and human sexuality. He received his bachelor's degree in biology from Morehouse College and his doctorate in cell biology from Duke University. Bryan studied at Duke in the Physiology Division of the Department of Cell Biology, so while his degree is in cell biology, his training focused on physiology. At Valencia, he has served as a member of the Faculty Senate, which is the governing body of the college, and as a member of the Teaching and Learning Academy, which sets the standards for the acquisition of tenure by faculty members. Nationally, he is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT).

• 1 Organization of the Human Body 11.1 Anatomy and Physiology: An Overview 11.2 Life Processes 61.3 Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits 71.4 Aging and Homeostasis 101.5 Anatomical Terms 101.6 Body Cavities 15Chapter Review 19Critical Thinking Applications 20Answers to Figure Questions 202 Introductory Chemistry 212.1 Introduction to Chemistry 212.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 28Chapter Review 38Critical Thinking Applications 39Answers to Figure Questions 393 Cells 403.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 403.2 The Plasma Membrane 413.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 433.4 Cytoplasm 483.5 Nucleus 543.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 563.7 Somatic Cell Division 593.8 Cellular Diversity 613.9 Aging and Cells 61Chapter Review 64Critical Thinking Applications 66Answers to Figure Questions 664 Tissues 674.1 Types of Tissues 674.2 Epithelial Tissue 684.3 Connective Tissue 784.4 Membranes 864.5 Muscular Tissue 884.6 Nervous Tissue 884.7 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 884.8 Aging and Tissues 89Chapter Review 90Critical Thinking Applications 92Answers to Figure Questions 925 The Integumentary System 935.1 Skin 935.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 975.3 Functions of the Skin 1015.4 Skin Wound Healing 1025.5 Aging and the Integumentary System 104Chapter Review 109Critical Thinking Applications 110Answers to Figure Questions 1106 The Skeletal System 1116.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 1116.2 Types of Bones 1126.3 Structure of Bone 1126.4 Bone Formation 1166.5 Exercise and Bone Tissue 1216.6 Divisions of the Skeletal System 1226.7 Skull: An Overview 1246.8 Unique Features of the Skull 1306.9 Vertebral Column 1326.10 Vertebral Regions 1346.11 Thorax 1376.12 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 1376.13 Upper Limb 1396.14 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 1426.15 Lower Limb 1446.16 Comparison of Female and Male Skeletons 1486.17 Aging and the Skeletal System 149Chapter Review 153Critical Thinking Applications 155Answers to Figure Questions 1557 Joints 1567.1 Classification of Joints 1567.2 Fibrous Joints 1577.3 Cartilaginous Joints 1597.4 Synovial Joints 1597.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 1617.6 Types of Synovial Joints 1647.7 The Knee Joint 1667.8 Aging and Joints 169Chapter Review 171Critical Thinking Applications 172Answers to Figure Questions 1728 The Muscular System 1738.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 1738.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 1748.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle 1788.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 1838.5 Control of Muscle Tension 1858.6 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 1868.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 1878.8 Smooth Muscle Tissue 1878.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue 1898.10 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 1898.11 Principal Skeletal Muscles 190Chapter Review 218Critical Thinking Applications 220Answers to Figure Questions 2219 Nervous Tissue 2229.1 Overview of the Nervous System 2229.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 2249.3 Action Potentials 2299.4 Synaptic Transmission 233Chapter Review 236Critical Thinking Applications 237Answers to Figure Questions 23710 Central Nervous System, Spinal Nerves, and Cranial Nerves 23810.1 Spinal Cord Structure 23810.2 Spinal Nerves 24210.3 Spinal Cord Functions 24310.4 Brain 24410.5 Cranial Nerves 25910.6 Aging and the Nervous System 261Chapter Review 263Critical Thinking Applications 264Answers to Figure Questions 26411 Autonomic Nervous System 26511.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 26511.2 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 26711.3 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 271Chapter Review 275Critical Thinking Applications 275Answers to Figure Questions 27512 Somatic Senses and Special Senses 27612.1 Overview of Sensations 27612.2 Somatic Senses 27812.3 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 28112.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 28312.5 Vision 28512.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 294Chapter Review 302Critical Thinking Applications 303Answers to Figure Questions 30413 The Endocrine System 30513.1 Introduction 30513.2 Hormone Action 30713.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 30913.4 Thyroid Gland 31413.5 Parathyroid Glands 31613.6 Pancreatic Islets 31713.7 Adrenal Glands 32213.8 Ovaries and Testes 32513.9 Pineal Gland 32513.10 Other Hormones 32513.11 The Stress Response 32613.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 327Chapter Review 330Critical Thinking Applications 332Answers to Figure Questions 33214 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 33314.1 Functions of Blood 33314.2 Components of Whole Blood 33414.3 Hemostasis 34214.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 344Chapter Review 348Critical Thinking Applications 349Answers to Figure Questions 34915 The Cardiovascular System: Heart 35015.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 35015.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 35715.3 Conduction System of the Heart 35915.4 Electrocardiogram 36015.5 The Cardiac Cycle 36115.6 Cardiac Output 36215.7 Exercise and the Heart 364Chapter Review 367Critical Thinking Applications 368Answers to Figure Questions 36816 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation 36916.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 36916.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 37416.3 Circulatory Routes 37716.4 Hepatic Portal and Fetal Circulations 39616.5 Checking Circulation 39916.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 400Chapter Review 402Critical Thinking Applications 404Answers to Figure Questions 40417 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 40517.1 Lymphatic System 40617.2 Innate Immunity 41017.3 Adaptive Immunity 41317.4 Aging and the Immune System 422Chapter Review 427Critical Thinking Applications 428Answers to Figure Questions 42818 The Respiratory System 42918.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 42918.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 43018.3 Pulmonary Ventilation 43818.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 44118.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 44418.6 Control of Breathing 44618.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 44918.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 449Chapter Review 453Critical Thinking Applications 454Answers to Figure Questions 45419 The Digestive System 45519.1 Overview of the Digestive System 45519.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Omentum 45719.3 Mouth 45919.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 46219.5 Stomach 46419.6 Pancreas 46719.7 Liver and Gallbladder 46819.8 Small Intestine 47019.9 Large Intestine 47619.10 Phases of Digestion 47919.11 Aging and the Digestive System 480Chapter Review 484Critical Thinking Applications 485Answers to Figure Questions 48620 Metabolism and Nutrition 48720.1 Metabolism 48720.2 Metabolism and Body Heat 49320.3 Nutrients 495Chapter Review 501Critical Thinking Applications 502Answers to Figure Questions 50221 The Urinary System 50321.1 Overview of the Urinary System 50321.2 Structure of the Kidneys 50521.3 Functions of the Nephron 50921.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 51621.5 Aging and the Urinary System 518Chapter Review 521Critical Thinking Applications 522Answers to Figure Questions 52222 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 52322.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance 52322.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids 52722.3 Acid–Base Balance 53022.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 532Chapter Review 533Critical Thinking Applications 534Answers to Figure Questions 53423 The Reproductive Systems 53523.1 Male Reproductive System 53523.2 Female Reproductive System 54423.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle 55123.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 55423.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 557Chapter Review 562Critical Thinking Applications 564Answers to Figure Questions 56424 Development and Inheritance 56524.1 Embryonic Period 56524.2 Fetal Period 57424.3 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 57524.4 Exercise and Pregnancy 57724.5 Labor and Delivery 57724.6 Lactation 57824.7 Inheritance 579Chapter Review 584Critical Thinking Applications 585Answers to Figure Questions 585